Clonal micro-propagation is of particular importance in the transition to virus-free gardening. The problems of in vitro cultivation are closely related to mineral nutrition, presence of growth hormones and varietal features of plants. The purpose of the research was to study the patterns of responses of the studied genotypes of fruit and berry crops to the effect of various nutrient media. The objects of the study were varieties of garden strawberries, blackberries, pears and apple trees. Single shoots were planted on a modified medium of MS, Boxus, QL, B5, Pierik, Ly de Fossard, Fardzinova. The number of developed buds per explant, the height of micro-shoots, the general appearance and development of micro-plants were taken into account. It was found that exclusion of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and replacement of calcium chloride (CaCl2) with calcium nitrate (Ca (NO3)2) in the Boxus nutrient medium in strawberry provided obtaining optimally developed plants. For blackberries, the best results of proliferation and growth of shoots were obtained on the growing medium of Ly de Fossard, in pear varieties - on the Ly de Fossard medium. For most of the studied apple tree varieties, the most favorable medium was QL, containing 2.0 mg/l of 6-BAP.
В статье представлены результаты многолетнего комплексного исследования эколого-биологических особенностей урбанофлоры различных биотопов городов Орловской области: Орла, Мценска, Ливен, Болхова, Малоархангельска, Новосиля и Дмитровска. Флора города Орла насчитывает 913 видов, Ливен – 786, Мценска – 777, Болхова – 780, Новосиля – 775, Малоархангельска – 776, Дмитровска – 777. В ходе исследований охарактеризована таксономическая структура урбанофлор как один из показателей зональной и эколого-топологической приуроченности флоры. Сопоставление полных флористических списков городов Орловской области показало высокую степень флористического сходства, что свидетельствует о высокой степени единства урбанофлор и сглаживании зональных черт. Отмечается высокая степень сходства аборигенной и адвентивной фракции флор различных городов. Высокая корреляция между систематической структурой ведущих семейств различных типов биотопов связана с единством состава флоры региона и свидетельствует о тесном взаимодействии естественной и урбанизированной флор.
Currently, methods for the culture of isolated tissues and organs have been widely used to solve theoretical and applied problems of biotechnology. The article discusses the theoretical aspects of the use of biotechnological techniques in the reproduction of black currants (Ribes nigrum L.). The need for the use of biotechnological methods in the rapid reproduction of various forms and varieties of black currants due to the difficulty of reproduction of a number of genotypes by traditional methods, especially forms obtained using interspecific hybridization. Among the emerging issues are the following: find donors of valuable traits with the aim of increasing ecological plasticity of cultivated plants; a study of the influence of qualitative and quantitative composition of nutrient media for the cultivated plants, optimization of the timing of the introduction of plants and selection of optimal modifications of culture media with the varietal characteristics at different stages of cultivation; the study of the influence of hormonal and other biologically active substances on development of plants in conditions of culture in vitro. In the article literary sources, which describe those additional issues relating to process optimization clonal micropropagation of black currant. All stages of cultivation of the given culture in conditions in vitro from initiation to adaptation in non-sterile conditions are considered. The factors that determine the success of reproduction are described: terms of introduction into the culture and types of explants, selection of sterilizing agent, optimization of the nutrient medium depending on the passage, the influence of different components of the medium on regenerative plants. The methods of microclonal reproduction, developed by scientists of leading research organizations, data on ways to combat phenolic oxidation of the nutrient medium.
Резюме. В статье представлены результаты исследований на этапе введения земляники в культуру с целью увеличения выхода стерильных жизнеспособных эксплантов. Цель исследования: определить влияние стерилизаторов на жизнеспособность эксплантов сортов земляники in vitro; установить благоприятные сроки введения в культуру. Выявлена высокая приживаемость эксплантов при изоляции в фазу активного роста (июнь). Наибольший выход стерильных и жизнеспособных эксплантов отмечали в варианте стерилизации 0,1% раствором сулемы (64,7-71,7%).Ключевые слова: земляника, in vitro, срок введения, стерилизующий агент, жизнеспособность. Summary.The results of studies at the stage of introduction of strawberries into the culture in order to increase the yield of sterile viable explants have been presented in the article. The purpose of research was to determine the infl uence of sterilizers on the viability of strawberry varieties' explants into in vitro culture; to establish favorable periods for introduction into the culture. The high survival rate of explants in isolation in the phase of active growth (June) was revealed. The highest yield of sterile and viable explants was noted in the variants of sterilization with 0.1% solution of sulema (64.7-71.7%).
Under conditions of increasing urbanization, plants improve the quality of the natural environment, performing many important sanitary and health functions. The purpose of the research is to carry out the monitoring of the various floristic communities to assess the ecological status of urban habitats. Objectives of the study is to investigate the state of natural floristic complexes, as well as the flora of lawns, flower beds, trees and shrubs in the cities of the Orel region, to give a comprehensive assessment of public green spaces and to provide recommendations for improving their state. Monitoring of the ecological state of natural phytocenoses showed that the transformation of flora reflected in the formation of the synanthropic nucleus affects all communities. The greatest pressure of the anthropogenic factor is observed in suburban forest parks of large cities and meadow areas near residential buildings and along the shores of water bodies. Minimal anthropogenic transformation is observed for steppe biotopes. The least favorable conditions for the development of green spaces are formed in Livny, Novosil, Dmitrovsk. Higher indicators of the ecological state of the plantations characterize the cities Orel, Mtsensk and Maloarkhangelsk. The monitoring of biodiversity of urban biotopes also revealed invasive species included in the Black book of flora of the Central Russia.
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