Successful work of biathletes on the track and at the shooting range largely depends on the typological features of the autonomic regulation of heart rate. We examined 46 biathletes aged 18–25 years. The types of autonomic heart rate regulation were determined according to the generally accepted method using Varikard 2.51 equipment. Sport-specific performance was measured on the Ergomedic 894E Peak Bike ergometer (Monark Exercise, Sweden). Personified types of autonomic heart rate regulation were combined into two groups: with the dominance of the central regulation mechanism (CRM, 45 % of subjects) and of the autonomic regulation mechanism (ARM, 55 % of subjects). The 6-second test for assessing speed abilities revealed statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences: biathletes with CRM were faster, their peak power output was higher and their time to reach maximum speed was shorter compared to biathletes with ARM. As to the strength abilities, subjects with CRM were superior (p < 0.05) to their colleagues in terms of speed and relative power output; their power gradient was greater, and their time to reach maximum speed was shorter (p < 0.05). During the 15-second test, biathletes with ARM showed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) increase in total work output, absolute power output, and endurance coefficient compared to the subjects with CRM. When switching to the 45-second mode, biathletes with ARM retained their advantages (p < 0.05) in terms of total work output, absolute power output, and speed endurance. At the same time, their relative power output was lower compared to that of athletes with CRM. Thus, with the shortest possible anaerobic mode, the efficiency is higher in biathletes with dominant CRM, while at longer modes, in biathletes with ARM predominance.
The possibility of revealing informative markers for assessing the functional state and special working capacity of highly skilled multihorts by means of correlation analysis is considered. It is established that the values of the relative and explosive strength of most muscle groups have prognostic significance as a criterion for their physical fitness. The priority of extensor musculature for achieving high sports results in athletics decathlon is proved. It was found that the parameters of the anaerobic threshold, determined by the heart rate, are more related to the athletic result than the anaerobic threshold values determined by the amount of oxygen consumed. Five groups of indicators were distinguished, which had a strong relationship with the athletic result in the decathlon. The first group included markers that characterize the aerobic capacity of the body: the relative level of maximum oxygen consumption, anaerobic threshold, pulmonary ventilation, respiratory coefficient and vital capacity of the lungs. The second group consisted of parameters reflecting the rate of recovery of aerobic capacity of the body within 2 minutes after the end of physical activity: heart rate, respiratory, oxygen consumption and pulmonary ventilation. The third group included the values of energy metabolism in the central, right and left temporal regions of the brain, where the higher centers of the motor and sensory systems are located, as well as the centers of the descending pyramidal tract responsible for performing arbitrary movements. The fourth group included indicators characterizing the background mental state, speed and accuracy of the attentional set-shifting, psycho-emotional stability. The fifth group consisted of parameters of the analysis of the heart rate, which reliably correlated with the sum of points in the decathlon.
В условиях ужесточения борьбы с допингом и ограничения использования синтетических фармпрепаратов ведется поиск эффективных средств для повышения физической работоспособности и ускорения восстановления спортсменов. Одним из таких средств является воздействие низкоинтенсивным лазерным излучением (НИЛИ). Целью настоящего исследования было изучение физиологического ответа функциональных систем высококвалифицированных гребцов-академистов (женщины) на курсовое воздействие НИЛИ. Для наблюдения за организмом спортсменок использовали лазерную допплеровскую флоуметрию (ЛДФ), математический анализ сердечного ритма, нейроэнергокартирование, а также педагогическое тестирование с использованием тренажера Concept 2. После освечивания шеи в области проекции сонных артерий импульсным инфракрасным НИЛИ наблюдали повышение показателя перфузии крови на 38% (р < 0,05), показателя утилизации кислорода клетками на 48% (р < 0,05), а также снижение показателя сатурации гемоглобина кислородом на 16% (р < 0,05). В результате применения НИЛИ происходило повышение активности автономного механизма регуляции с ростом мощности спектра колебаний ритма сердца (ТР) на 41% (р < 0,05), мощности высокочастотных колебаний (HF) — на 73% (р < 0,05), росло влияние центрального механизма со снижением амплитуды моды (АМо) на 71% (р < 0,05), индекса напряжения (ИН) — на 175% (р < 0,05). Воздействие НИЛИ способствовало повышению эффективности доставки кислорода в отдельные области коры больших полушарий с ростом уровня постоянных потенциалов (УПП). Благодаря воздействию НИЛИ на 3,32% (p > 0,05) выросла скорость «прохождения» спортсменками дистанции 2000 м. Обнаруженные эффекты применения НИЛИ позволяют расширить спектр физиотерапевтических средств, способствующих повышению специальной физической работоспособности спортсменов и ускорению восстановления.
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