The first step in systemic addressing the problem of corruption is the comprehension of its scale and nature. This paper explores the extent of fraud and corruption in professional sport. In addition to exploring the forms of legal response, one should mention the improper coverage of the issues of counteracting corruption in professional sport. Fraud and, specifically, corruption in sport is difficult to assess. Most of all-Russian and regional sports federations, physical culture and sports associations tend not to recognise the existence of corruption or fraud in particular sports, or claim that fraud and corruption are under control. Purpose of the study: to explore the extent of corruption and fraud in professional sport. We present a systematic review of literature that explores corruption and fraud, identifying the factors of corruption and fraud in professional sport. To search for relevant studies, the published literature was identified as based on Scimagojr, ResearchGate, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Sage Open, in search of relevant studies. Results and novelty: Some sports federations recognise that corruption and fraud are detrimental to fair play and integrity of the professional sport. It is a good practice to develop guidelines for sportsmen in relation to a particular professional sport, which outlines the deeds recognised as corruption and fraud, sets the procedure for their registration, assessment and measures to mitigate and counteract such threats. We have outlined the specifics of motivation for corruption and fraud in professional sport, which differs from the ways of corruption in other segments (like health, education, public service). Professional sports are not characterised by such traditional stimuli for corruption and fraud as poor working conditions and low wages, due to the fact that professional sportsmen are highly paid and their work conditions and social guarantees are much better than those of most ordinary people.
В статье обосновывается идея о том, что в философии противодействия преступности необходимо перейти от концепции зла к концепции дефицита, что позволит эффективнее обнаруживать причины, порождающие преступность, и оказывать адресное воздействие на них. Авторы считают, что доходы, идущие в бюджет государства от преступности в виде штрафов и конфискаций, следует направить на компенсацию причиненного преступлением вреда потерпевшим. The article deals with justification of the idea that it is necessary to move from the concept of «evil» to the concept of «deficit» in the philosophy of combating crime. This will enable more effective detection of the causes giving rise to crime and provide targeted effect on them. The authors conclude that revenues flowing to the state budget in the form of crime-related fines and confiscations, should be used to compensate victims for the harm caused by the crime.
В статье анализируются вопросы развития зрелищного спорта и спорта высших достижений, связанные с проблемами обеспечения общественного порядка и общественной безопасности при организации и проведении соревнований. Спортивная и «околоспортивная» среда, где сильно развит дух соперничества, высоко эмоциональна и предполагает наличие антагонизма к противнику и его представителям, обуславливающего различные преступные, в том числе и экстремистские, проявления. Обеспечение чистоты и транспарентности в системе организации, проведения и определения результатов соревнований, рассматриваются автором как непременное условие предупреждения экстремизма в исследуемой сфере. The article deals with the development of spectator sports as well as sports of the highest achievements in the context of problematic issues dealing with ensuring public order and security while organizing and conducting competitions. The sports and “near to sports” environment, where the competitive spirit is highly developed, is considered to be very emotional one and presupposes the presence of antagonism towards the split parties and their representatives, which results in various evil including extremist manifestations. Ensuring clarity and transparency in the system of organizing, conducting and defining results of competitions is considered by the author to be a prerequisite for preventing extremism in the area under study.
Установление экстремистского мотива в правонарушениях и преступлениях, совершаемых в ходе проведения спортивных состязаний, представляет определенную трудность, что предопределяет практику квалификации деяния без учета этого мотива. Способствовать решению задачи выявления экстремистского мотива в преступлении, совершенном во время спортивного мероприятия, может установление места и времени его совершения. Их доказывание предполагает установление объективной стороны преступления, только через которую можно выйти на обстоятельства, характеризующие признаки субъективной стороны преступления, в том числе и экстремистский мотив. Establishing an extremist motivation of offences and crimes committed during sport events is quite an undertaking which predetermines the practices of qualifying the offence without taking into account this motive. It is noted that defining the crime scene and establishing the time of the offence might promote in addressing the challenge of identifying the motives of the crime committed during sport event. The proof where of provides for establishing the actuaries as the basis for revealing circumstances describing the mens rea of the offence including the extremist motivation.
The attitude of the state towards underage criminals has considerably changed in the last decade, which is evident from the adoption of new normative legal acts determining the direction of state criminal policy concerning children. Thus, the Decree of the President of Russia declared 2018-2027 to be the Decade of Childhood, whose scope includes a comprehensive program of preventing underage crimes, the use of restorative techniques and methods of preventive work with children and their parents, etc. Sentencing practices and exemption from punishment have also been revised. The courts have started to apply criminal law measures more widely, to terminate criminal cases, exempt minors from criminal liability and punishment, and to use reconciliation programs. This lead to the reduction of both the number of young offenders institutions and the number of their inmates. At the same time, there is a trend for a harsher response of the state to some crimes of minors, which shows that the trend for the humanization of criminal policy concerning them is unstable. Widening the list of Articles included in Art. 20 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, for which the age of responsibility is 14, development of draft laws providing for the reduction of the age of criminal responsibility to 12 years for very grave crimes by the State Dumas Committee for the Development of Civil Society, and others, testify to the inconsistency of lawmaking work and the absence of adequate understanding of the essence of juvenile crime. The authors show that it is necessary to widen the application of double prevention norms: it is suggested that in each case of juvenile crime it is reasonable to raise the question of prosecuting parents for non-fulfillment or undue fulfillment of child-rearing obligations when there are grounds for such prosecution (Art. 156 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). It is also recommended to widen the application of norms of liability for involving minors in crimes and other anti-social actions.
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