Climate change may disrupt interspecies phenological synchrony, with adverse consequences to ecosystem functioning. We present here a 40-y-long time series on 10,425 dates that were systematically collected in a single Russian locality for 97 plant, 78 bird, 10 herptile, 19 insect, and 9 fungal phenological events, as well as for 77 climatic events related to temperature, precipitation, snow, ice, and frost. We show that species are shifting their phenologies at dissimilar rates, partly because they respond to different climatic factors, which in turn are shifting at dissimilar rates. Plants have advanced their spring phenology even faster than average temperature has increased, whereas migratory birds have shown more divergent responses and shifted, on average, less than plants. Phenological events of birds and insects were mainly triggered by climate cues (variation in temperature and snow and ice cover) occurring over the course of short periods, whereas many plants, herptiles, and fungi were affected by long-term climatic averages. Year-to-year variation in plants, herptiles, and insects showed a high degree of synchrony, whereas the phenological timing of fungi did not correlate with any other taxonomic group. In many cases, species that are synchronous in their year-to-year dynamics have also shifted in congruence, suggesting that climate change may have disrupted phenological synchrony less than has been previously assumed. Our results illustrate how a multidimensional change in the physical environment has translated into a community-level change in phenology.global warming | mismatch | trophic interactions | boreal forest T he timing of phenological events is shifting as a result of climate change (1-5). Together with other adaptive mechanisms, plasticity in phenology is essential for maintaining many aspects of biodiversity in a changing environment (5-7), such as species' demography (8), species interactions (3), and species distributions (9). As different species within a community may show different responses to climate variation (10, 11), many studies have speculated on the possibility that phenological synchrony within ecological communities may be extensively disrupted (12-15). Conversely, other studies including observational evidences, theoretical considerations, and small-scale experiments have suggested that the maintenance of synchrony in terrestrial and aquatic systems may be common (16)(17)(18)(19). Therefore, the extent to which the stability and persistence of natural systems will be hampered as a result of loss of phenological synchrony remains largely an open question. Addressing this pertinent question is challenging because of the complex, dynamic, and often poorly understood structure of ecological interaction networks.To date, most studies evaluating the maintenance or disruption of phenological synchrony have examined whether longterm phenological shifts have been congruent between interacting species and environmental conditions (18,20). The majority of these studies have describ...

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For species to stay temporally tuned to their environment, they use cues such as the accumulation of degree-days. The relationships between the timing of a phenological event in a population and its environmental cue can be described by a population-level reaction norm. Variation in reaction norms along environmental gradients may either intensify the environmental effects on timing (cogradient variation) or attenuate the effects (countergradient variation). To resolve spatial and seasonal variation in species’ response, we use a unique dataset of 91 taxa and 178 phenological events observed across a network of 472 monitoring sites, spread across the nations of the former Soviet Union. We show that compared to local rates of advancement of phenological events with the advancement of temperature-related cues (i.e., variation within site over years), spatial variation in reaction norms tend to accentuate responses in spring (cogradient variation) and attenuate them in autumn (countergradient variation). As a result, among-population variation in the timing of events is greater in spring and less in autumn than if all populations followed the same reaction norm regardless of location. Despite such signs of local adaptation, overall phenotypic plasticity was not sufficient for phenological events to keep exact pace with their cues—the earlier the year, the more did the timing of the phenological event lag behind the timing of the cue. Overall, these patterns suggest that differences in the spatial versus temporal reaction norms will affect species’ response to climate change in opposite ways in spring and autumn.

We present an extensive, large-scale, long-term and multitaxon database on phenological and climatic variation, involving 506,186 observation dates acquired in 471 localities in Russian Federation, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan. the data cover the period 1890-2018, with 96% of the data being from 1960 onwards. The database is rich in plants, birds and climatic events, but also includes insects, amphibians, reptiles and fungi. the database includes multiple events per species, such as the onset days of leaf unfolding and leaf fall for plants, and the days for first spring and last autumn occurrences for birds. The data were acquired using standardized methods by permanent staff of national parks and nature reserves (87% of the data) and members of a phenological observation network (13% of the data). The database is valuable for exploring how species respond in their phenology to climate change. Large-scale analyses of spatial variation in phenological response can help to better predict the consequences of species and community responses to climate change. #A full list of authors and their affiliations appears at the end of the paper. Data DeSCRiptOR OpeNScientific Data | (2020) 7:47 | https://doi.

The object of this research is national education, viewed on the example of educational system of white émigré during the 1920s – 1940s. The article is dedicated to topical questions of national education related to ideological orientation of pedagogy, role of philosophy and religious education, concept and content of Russian Orthodox pedagogy, relevance of the spiritual heritage of the Slavophiles, etc. The author draws parallels between the post-revolutionary and post-Soviet emigration, determines the origins, objectives and mechanisms that existed within the system of education of Russian refugees during the 1920s – 1940s. The author reveals the fundamental religious and philosophical ideas that underlied the emigrant education. The succession between the philosophical and pedagogical ideas of Slavophiles and Russian thinkers who left Russia after the revolution is demonstrated. The conclusion is made that the educational system of white émigré in the West and the East in the 1920s – 1940s leant on the national traditions and history; it was oriented towards preservation of national identity and historical memory, and associated with the question of survival; it was based on the ideas of Russian religious philosophy, which comprised the ideological framework and included political component. It had impact upon the culture of other nations, and resulted in the fact that many immigrants actively fought against fascists during the Great Patriotic War.