Disclosure of potential conflict of interest K. Niespodziana receives grant support (grant no. P29398) from the Austrian Science Foundation (FWF). K. F. Chung has received honoraria for participating in advisory board meetings of GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), AstraZeneca, Novartis, Merck, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Teva regarding treatments for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and has also been renumerated for speaking engagements. A. Custovic reports personal fees from Novartis,
Background.Physical development is one of the leading criteria for assessing the health status of children. The body mass index (BMI) is a reliable sign of physical development disorders. The possibility of diagnosing childhood obesity, a significant problem of modern healthcare service, is of particular value. Our aim was to assess the prevalence of obesity, overweight, and underweight in students aged 11 and 15 years attending educational institutions in the regions of the Russian Federation.Methods.The data is based on a prospective assessment of the screening of children. A total of 2,540 children were examined, the study included data of 2,023 schoolchildren of both sexes aged 11 and 15 years. The BMI calculation was assessed using SDS tables and centile scales (WHO, 2007).Results.When assessing the body mass index in 11-year-old boys in the regions of Russia according to SDS, obesity was determined in 18.6% of cases, overweight — in 15.4% of cases, and underweight — in 5.4% of cases. In 15-year-old boys, obesity was detected in 10% of cases, overweight — in 11.5% of cases, and underweight — in 8.5% of cases. In girls aged 11 and 15 years, obesity was detected in 9.2% and 3.6% of cases, overweight — in 14.3% and 10.5% of cases, underweight — in 10.5% and 8.9% of cases, respectively.Conclusion.In the Russian Federation, cases of underweight or overweight were detected, but these indicators do not exceed the number of children with normal parameters. A high proportion of obese boys is detected mainly due to 11-year-olds. More cases of obesity were registered in girls aged comparing with 15-year-old girls.
Optimal provision of children with micronutrients determines their normal growth, mental and physical development, as well as health in general. Even a sufficiently energy demand-adequate and calorie-excessive diet comprised of natural products for children does not provide a child's body with a whole range of micronutrients. Due to insufficient stay of a child in the sun and long stay indoors, endogenous vitamin D synthesis in skin induced by ultraviolet exposure does not fulfill a body's need in this vitamin. As vitamin deficiency is usually accompanied by mineral deficiency, it is reasonable to prescribe vitamin/mineral complexes (VMC). High prevalence of polyhypoavitaminosis substantiates the use of coformulated vitamin forms in children's diets. Simultaneous vitamin intake is more physiologically natural; combination of vitamins is more effective than separate or isolated prescription of each of them. Preventive doses, i. e. the doses close to the physiological vitamin need of a child's body ensure the diet's vitamin adequacy, reduce the risk of vitamin deficiency and its consequences. Effectiveness of VMC use has been confirmed both for treatment and prevention of allergic diseases in children. The main requirement to VMC for children is the full range of vitamins and minerals, the deficiency whereof is identified especially often, in the doses fulfilling needs of a growing child.АКТУАЛЬНОСТЬ Известно, что оптимальная обеспеченность вита-минами и эссенциальными макро-и микроэлемента-ми определяет нормальный рост детей, их умственное и физическое развитие, а также здоровье в целом.Для характеристики обеспеченности ребенка микро-нутриентами используют два связанных, но не идентич-ных понятия -потребность в витаминах и минераль-ных веществах и рекомендуемая норма потребления. Потребность человека в витаминах и минеральных
Food allergy (FA) in children, especially in infancy, is still a significant public health problem. The severity and prognosis of disease progression associated with FA considerably depends on the correct and early diagnostics of this pathology, as well as on the following management of a child. At the same time delayed elimination diet administration, unreasonable or overlong dietary intervention might have become abuse management of a patient and have a negative impact on the development of a child and reduce the quality of life. The article summarizes the current practical approaches to the diagnosis of FA based on evidence-based medicine and adopted European and Russian national consensus documents, as well as on our own experience of management of patients with this pathology. FA diagnosis in a child usually includes clinical laboratory tests and clarification of clinical and anamnestic data. Unfortunately, it is a fact that preference is given to laboratory methods for diagnosis based on specific IgE determination or skin samples. However, the basis for cause-significant allergen identifying is detecting detailed medical history and clinical picture of a disease which still appears to be the most reliable tool for FA diagnosis.
1 Национальный научно-практический центр здоровья детей, Москва, Российская Федерация 2 Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования, Москва, Российская Федерация Высокие учебные нагрузки представляют собой распространенную проблему для российских школьников, негативно влияющую на их психическое и физическое здоровье. В статье представлены основные составляющие факторы высоких учебных нагрузок, дифференцированные клинические особенности, течение и осложнения синдрома. Отдельно освещаются вопросы лечения синдрома высоких учебных нагрузок. Основной вывод заключается в необходимости усиления профилактики психоневрологических расстройств и их осложнений у учащихся российских школ. Ключевые слова: высокие учебные нагрузки, школьники, подростки, церебрастении, профилактика, лечение. (Для цитирования: Каркашадзе Г. А., Намазова-Баранова Л. С., Захарова И. Н., Макарова С. Г., Маслова О. И. Синдром высоких учебных нагрузок у детей школьного и подросткового возраста. Педиатрическая фармакология.High academic loads are a common problem for Russian schoolchildren negatively affecting their mental and physical health. The article presents the main contributory factors of high academic loads, differentiated clinical features, course, and complications of the syndrome. The issues of high academic load syndrome treatment are separately covered. The main conclusion is that it is necessary to reinforce the prevention of psychoneurological disorders and their complications in schoolchildren of Russia.
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