Objective (aim): to test the refractive and visual outcomes and the quality of vision after the bilateral implantation of three different multifocal intraocular lenses (MIOLs) in patients with age-related cataract. Methods: In this retrospective, comparative study including 90 eyes of 45 cataract patients, bilateral implantation of either the hydrophilic trifocal Liberty® 677MY capsular bag IOL, the hydrophilic AT LISA® tri 839M lens, or the hydrophobic AcrySof® IQ PanOptix® IOL was performed during routine cataract surgery. Refractive outcomes, visual acuities (VA) for far, intermediate and near distances, as well as visual quality, dysphotopic events and spectacle use were evaluated six months postoperatively. Results: VA curves were similar for the three MIOLs, however the Liberty lens seemed to be superior for far and near, while AT LISA tri provided somewhat better VA in the intermediate range. Refractive correction was the most effective with the Liberty IOL (p=0.0131). Dysphotopic phenomena were usually perceived in low light conditions. Their frequency was lower with the AT LISA tri and Liberty lenses. Symptoms were significantly less disturbing for patients implanted with the Liberty lens, two-thirds of AT LISA tri and Liberty patients, while only 57% of PanOptix patients achieved spectacle independence. Conclusions: All examined MIOLs were found to be safe and efficient in presbyopia-correction of cataract patients, however different models had different advantages. The vision preferences of each patient should always be taken into consideration when choosing a MIOL, and the possible occurrence of dysphotopic events should be also clearly communicated in each case. Abbreviations: ACD = Anterior chamber depth, ANOVA = Analysis of variance, AXL = Axial length, CDVA = Corrected distance visual acuity, CYL = Cylinder; Cylindric refraction, D = Diopter, IOL = Intraocular lens, K1; K2 = Keratometry values, MIOL = Multifocal intraocular lens, n = Number of cases, n.a. = Not applicable, Postop = Postoperative, QoV = Quality of Vision, SD = Standard deviation, SEQ = Spherical equivalent, SPH = Sphere; Spherical refraction, UDVA = Uncorrected distance visual acuity, UIVA = Uncorrected intermediate visual acuity, UNVA = Uncorrected near visual acuity, VA = Visual acuity

This paper discusses the scientific rationale for methods of platinum metals sorption centralization from saturated solutions with a high content of macrocomponents. Methods of sorption centralization of platinum and iridium using local anionites such as AH-31, AB-17-8, Purolite S985 are described. The sorbents used were conditioned to remove organic and mineral impurities. The sorption isotherms of platinum group metals 1/EC=f(1/Cp) at a temperature of 20 °C and a duration of 24 h were plotted. The data on the sorption recovery of platinum and iridium from individual and combined sulfate-chloride solutions were determined. Isotherms of iridium sorption from sulfate-chloride solution are formed. Results of the apparent sorption equilibrium constant and values of standard Gibbs energy (ΔG, kJ/mol) of ion exchange for sorption of platinum and iridium from individual and combined sulfate-chloride solutions are presented. Linearized isotherms and kinetic curves of joint sorption of platinum and iridium from sulfate-chloride solution are described. Comparative sorption of the platinum-group metals (PGM) by anionites AB-17-8 and Purolite S985 from sulfate-chloride solutions is shown. The sorption diagram of platinum and iridium from sulfate-chloride product solutions is presented. It has been revealed that complete recovery is achieved using chelation ion-exchange resin Purolite S985, with recovery of Pt up to 95% and Ir more than 73%. The sorption process is accompanied by intradiffusion constraints that are confirmed by the analysis of kinetic curves using Schmukler and Boyd–Adams models.

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Russia possesses a high potential for resource growth and platinoid reserves, and technogenic waste of complex ore processing can become a considerable part of the process in the near future. It is practical to take into account impounded mill tailings of sulphide copper-nickel ores, old pyrrhotine concentrates (OPC), impounded magnetite concentrates and slag-dust dumps of the mining and metallurgical company "Norilsk Nickel" (MMC NN), as well as technogenic platinum-metal chromite placer deposits of Ural and Aldan. In spite of big volumes, secondary resources are characterized by unstable content of PGM and nonferrous metals. The forms of finding platinum group metals are so that raw material is difficult to be processed by conventional technological schemes. At that production cost of PGM extraction from technogenic deposits sometimes can be lower than when concentration of initial ores and sands, whereas the cost intensive operations connected with mining, crushing, grinding and classification are excluded from the processing chain.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSJohnson Matthey gratefully acknowledges the contribution of many individuals and companies within the platinum group metal industry in providing information for and assistance with the compilation of Platinum 2013.In particular, our thanks go to Denise Garwood, Alison Cowley and the members of the Johnson Matthey precious metals market research team and to Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo KK for their invaluable assistance in Japan.Platinum 2013 is based for the most part on information available up to the end of March 2013. DISCLAIMERJohnson Matthey PLC endeavours to ensure the accuracy of the information and materials contained within this report, but makes no warranty as to accuracy, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose. Johnson Matthey PLC accepts no liability whatsoever in respect of reliance placed by the user on information and materials contained in this report, which are utilised expressly at the user's own risk.In particular, this report and the information and materials in this report are not, and should not be construed as, an offer to buy or sell, or solicitation of an offer to buy or sell, any regulated precious metal related products or any other regulated products, securities or investments, or making any recommendation or providing any investment or other advice with respect to the purchase, sale or other disposition of, any regulated precious metal related products or any other regulated products, securities or investments including, without limitation, any advice to the effect that any precious metal related transaction is appropriate or suitable for any investment objective or financial situation of a prospective investor.A decision to invest in any regulated precious metal related products or any other regulated products, securities or investments should not be made in reliance on any of the information or materials in this report. Before making any investment decision, prospective investors should seek advice from their financial, legal, tax and accounting advisers, take into account their individual financial needs and circumstances and carefully consider the risks associated with such investment decisions. This report does not, and should not be construed as acting to, sponsor, advocate, endorse or promote any regulated precious metal related products or any other regulated products, securities or investments.