Nowadays hundreds million tons of ash and slag waste (ASW) is produced in Russia yearly. Large territories are needed in order to store such a big waste volume. Besides, it is necessary to conduct special engineering and ecological work at the design and usage stages of this structure. The goal of the research is to outline acceptable ASW utilization methods accumulated in coal burning power station ash dumps and to determine the order of activities to solve the problem. The research methods: experimental where Kansk-Achinsk and Kuznetsk coals are the object of the research. Besides, review of relevant to the problem literature and normative documentation was done to determine activities order, possible ways and limitations of the problem solving. We elucidated that ASW transportation to depleted coal quarries to restore them is essential to arrange in order to solve the problem of ASW utilization. As to new produced ASW, they should be divided into groups according to application field (mostly in construction). The groups correspond to boiler unit load operation. After coal combustion ash is stored in special places (reservoirs, silos). Therefore modern boiler unit might be seen as a production complex of steam and ash and slag material of an adequate quality.
Актуальность исследования в области прочности и разрушения сварных узлов связана с необходимостью обеспечения высокой надежности и безопасности эксплуатации опасных производственных объектов. В настоящее время признана роль внутренних напряжений и их релаксации как самостоятельной причины разрушения. Конечной формой предельного состояния является появление трещин, однако признаки наступления предельного состояния узла или конструкции не сформулированы. Цель исследования: установление признаков предразрушения и разрушения зон сварного шва по условиям перераспределения внутренних напряжений при термической релаксации. Объект: сварные узлы пароперегревателя, выполненные из разнородных сталей. Методы: физическое моделирование условий эксплуатации путем термоциклирования образцов в электропечи МИМП-10УЭ, рентгенометрия образцов, оценка внутренних структурных напряжений на рентгеновских дифрактометрах типа ДРОН, морфологический анализ с применением металлографического анализатора «Ресурс С7», включающего инвертированный микроскоп Olympus GF41 с программным обеспечением SIAMS Photolab, морфология трещин с помощью микроанализатора типа PEN SCKOPE, анализ микротвердости при использовании микротвердомера ПМТ-3. Результаты. На основании гипотезы о корреляции трещинообразования с процессами релаксации внутренних напряжений показано, что появление и рост трещины и релаксация напряжений являются взаимосвязанными процессами. В результате термо-флуктуационных релаксаций обнаружены одни и те же качественные закономерности для однофазной и двухфазной системы фаз, приводящие к разрушению. Для образца с начальной трещиной в условиях отсутствия внешних нагрузок и деформаций протекающие в образце процессы естественного старения контролируются только внутренними напряжениями, которые приводят в действие все механизмы разрушения, в том числе и фазовый распад. По условиям термофлуктуационной релаксации внутренних напряжений устанавливается температурная граница области напряженных состояний, определяющая надежную эксплуатационную температуру.
Purpose: Development, testing methodology for the definition of energy expenditure on hydrostatic drive of cooling device motor fans of diesel locomotive TEP70BS. Energy expenditures on drive of cooling devices motor-fans constitute significant part in the total volume of energy expenditures for auxiliary needs. When determining diesel cooling device power, picked for motor-fan drive, it is necessary to take into account the influence of motor-fan drive technical condition and diesel cooling system general technical condition. The given task can be solved by the way of statistical analysis of the information, being registered by TEP70BS locomotive on-board diagnostics subsystem when performing corresponding analytical calculations. At the same, it is necessary to account for the peculiarities of functioning of motor-fan hydrostatic drive under various loading modes. Methods: Statistical processing and analysis of measurement results. Analytical calculation of a hydrostatic system on the basis of processing of measurement results. Reduction of hydrostatic drive parameters to non-nominal modes. Results: Methodology of energy expenditure analytical calculation on the basis of statistical analysis of data on motor fan operating modes is proposed. Probable values of power, spent on motor-fan drive for various controller positions, are determined. It is shown that for controller nominal position, average power consumption for being considered sample of five locomotives will constitute 23.2 kW per two fan motors. Practical importance: The use of the presented methodology allows to raise significantly the determination accuracy for power, being picked for auxiliary needs and, as a result, to increase calculation accuracy for traction characteristics and fuel consumption characteristics of TEP70BS diesel locomotive.
Abstract. The object of research is the welded knot made of dissimilar steels 12Cr1MoV and Di-59. Research methods are spectral analysis, microhardness measurements and X-ray analysis. It is established that the structural-phase nonuniformity, significant concentration fluctuations of alloying elements, the spread in values of microhardness and mechanical characteristics along the length of the pipe can cause significant value of internal macrostress that leads to the formation of the "flaw" defect type in the welding process. It is shown how to distinguish between flaws that have appeared on the stage of production from operating flaws.
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