The article describes an elaboration of the X-in-the-loop (XiL) testing environment for a thermal management system (TMS) intended for the traction electric drive of an electric vehicle, which has each of its wheels driven by an in-wheel motor. The TMS features the individual thermal regulation of each electric drive using a hydraulic layout with parallel pipelines and electrohydraulic pumps embedded into them. The XiL system is intended as a tool for studying and developing the TMS design and controls. It consists of the virtual part and the physical part. The former simulates the vehicle operating in a driving cycle with the heat power dissipated by the electric drive components, which entails the change in their temperature regimes. The physical part includes the TMS itself consisting of a radiator, pipelines, and pumps. The physical part also features devices intended for simulation of the electric drive components in terms of their thermal and hydraulic behaviors, as well as devices that simulate airflow induced by the vehicle motion. Bilateral, real-time interactions are established between the two said parts combining them into a cohesive system, which models the studied electric vehicle and its components. The article gives a description of a laboratory setup, which implements the XiL environment including the mathematical models, hardware devices, as well as the control loops that establish the interaction of those components. An example of using this system in a driving cycle test shows the interaction between its parts and operation of the TMS in conditions simulated in both virtual and physical domains. The results constitute calculated and measured quantities including vehicle speed, operating parameters of the electric drives, coolant and air flow rates, and temperatures of the system components.

Currently, major vehicle manufacturers are working to improve environmental friendliness by introducing alternative energy in motor vehicles: vehicles with combined power plants (hybrids) based on ICE, electric vehicles based on promising current sources like electrochemical generator based on fuel elements of “hydrogen-air” and traditional electric vehicles. All of the above vehicles use High-voltage battery running. The use of batteries in hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles puts forward certain requirements for them: large specific energy capacity; high resource indicator; fairly low cost. This article seeks a criterion for the performance of a high-voltage battery used as an energy source in electric vehicles. Performed an analysis of scientific publications and experiments describing the dependence of the parameters of the battery on the temperature and operating mode of the vehicle. The main parameters are determined and an assessment of their impact on vehicle performance is carried out.

The article presents a process of designing the photovoltaic (PHV) converters system for an electric vehicle, shows the scheme of photovoltaic converters usage, the results of electric vehicle motion modeling with photovoltaic converters, and the results of road tests of an electric vehicle with an additional power source based on photovoltaic converters. The photovoltaic converters system and low-voltage system of an electric vehicle have a shared low-voltage battery, which allows the implementation of two schemes of electric vehicle power supply. Initially, the aggregate base was selected, then, taking into account the efficiency of each device included in the design of the new electric vehicle, mathematical modeling was carried out and showed good efficiency results of the photovoltaic converters system. Then, the prototype was manufactured and tested. The aggregate base included the battery of photovoltaic converters assembled in a certain way on the vehicle roof, the MPPT (maximum power point tracking) controller, the buffer storage device in the form of a 12 V battery, and the DC (direct current) converter that allows transmitting electricity from the buffer battery to the high-voltage system. Modeling of the electric vehicle motion considered typical operating modes, including energy costs for the operation of assistant systems of the electric vehicle, as well as including the consumption of low-voltage components. The tests were carried out according to the NEDC (New European Driving Cycle). As a result, implementation of photovoltaic converters with 21% efficiency allowed for the power reserve of the electric vehicle to be increased by up to 9%.

This paper covers negative impact of an accumulator temperature increase on an operational period of the battery during operation in an intensive current output mode. It suggests methods of heat emission calculation and application of an internal cooler in accumulator batteries. Analyzed the use of internal cooler, with the goal of providing high-quality thermal insulation of batteries to minimize communication with the external environment.

For the effective operation of the vehicle, which includes a high-voltage battery (HVB), it is first necessary to understand what conditions it is designed for. There are a number of criteria for the selection of HVBs for vehicles. One of them is the thermal management system, which ensures the operation of a HVB in optimal temperature mode. In HVBs, it is necessary to maintain an optimum temperature for maximum efficiency and service life. The article discusses the preferred thermal management system of the main manufacturers of vehicles with HVB. The technical solutions, the applied designs and the development trends of the designs of the temperature control of HVBs are described. On the basis of the considered structures, operating conditions and prospects for the development of the market for such vehicles, the concept of creating an effective thermal management system for HVBs for projected vehicles has been proposed. A classification of the thermal management system of HVBs as part of a vehicle, depending on the climatic conditions of operation, is proposed. One of the developed variants of perspective designs of high-voltage batteries of a vehicle operated in a wide range of temperatures is presented.