Tourism has a positive impact on many sectors of the world economy because it unequivocally affects the growth of life and economic activity of the local population, increasing the socio-economic indicators of the region, improving the road infrastructure, and necessitating infrastructural development. Tourism is growing and diversifying around the world, people are not only traveling to have fun, relax or spend their free time, but also because of their interest in alternative types of tourism. This approach requires the further development of regions rich in tourism and recreation resources, which, in turn, paves the way for sustainable development in the regional context. From a regional point of view, one of the important conditions for the development of tourism is the presence of unique natural monuments. One type of these natural monuments is caves, on the basis of which it is possible to develop speleotourism. Speleotourism is a complex type of tourism, the difficulty of which depends on limitations of natural light, high relative humidity, low air temperature, relief forms, and the degree of difficulty of routes. Speleotourism requires careful and trained hiking, as well as strength, endurance, agility, and the ability to use technical means of insurance. The article presents for the first time information on the classification of caves, states the importance of determining their status, and examines the caves in Azerbaijan which are distinguished by high values of speleotourism. In addition, the article examines the use of caves as shelters by primitive people and as sources of creation of legends and myths, their value as shrines and temples, as historical and cultural heritage, their use for sports and recreation purposes, as well as their use in enhancing the attractiveness of tourism. The authors prove the importance of using caves in Azerbaijan as a tourist product for the development of speleotourism, sites which are distinguished by their natural attractiveness, geological structure, historical past and archaeological finds, as well as convenient transport infrastructure. Scientific studies show that speleotourism is a promising tool for the development of regional tourism. The authors predict that in the future speleotourism in Azerbaijan will be an aspect of the country’s international tourism.
The rise of geographical determinism in the theory and practice of international relations has led to the emergence and сonstitution of a number of scientific spheres that determine decision-making of continental and world significance. The most well-known scientific knowledges in these areas are geopolitics, geoeconomics, and geostrategy. However, the significance of the constitutional role of geographical determinism in the understanding and structure of international relations is not limited only to these systems of knowledge. Due to the use of geographical determinism technologies, state actors get additional opportunities to win the competition for the priority implementation of national interests in the international arena. Therefore, the de- velopment of the theory of technologies of geographical determinism is an attempt, firstly, to integrate particular theories of international relations based on geographical determinism, within the framework of a broad perspective of a universalizing vision, and secondly, to rethink international relations simultaneously based on geographical determinism and a technological approach. Increasing responsibility in the field of decision-making on the world stage in the context of new security challenges gives special importance to the develop- ment of the theory of technologies of geographical determinism. This theory provides a large scale for critical theoretical and practical understanding of international relations in the modern world, rehabilitates geography as a factor context of social relations in political and economic dimensions on the world stage, allows you to think and act geographically and technologically, that is, contextually and effectively. Geographical determinism is as multifaceted as the spaces in which international relations operate are heterogeneous. Technologies can strengthen or weaken it. Each state seeks to use geographical determinism to its advantage with the help of technologies and at the same time neutralize its negative impact on the implementation of national interests on the world stage. Technologies enable states to act effectively to achieve their goals. However, only taking into account geographical determinism this strategy can be effec- tive and guarantee a secure future. Authors argue that Russia’s neoimperialist geoeconomic technologies with an emphasis on energy carriers and underestimation of the importance of geographical determinism by European governments have created unprecedented problems for European countries in the field of energy and economic security. The theory of technologies of geographical determinism in international relations allowed authors to identify a number of technologies that have shown their efficiency in various geographical dimensions. They distinguish these technologies based on the specifics of various types of spaces as environments for deploying effective activities to realize the national interests of states in the international arena. Physical space allowed to distinguish technologies of land, sea, air and space. These are telurocratic, thalassocratic, aerocratic, and astrocratic technologies. The political space allowed to highlight geopolitical technologies. The economic space has become the basis for identifying and understanding various geoeconomic and geofinancial technologies. The cultural space served as the basis for the analysis of geocultural technologies. The strategic space allowed to consider geostrategic technologies, defining the technology of allied binding as the leading one. The space of imaginary geographical space made it possible to understand geopolitical propaganda technologies.
In Azerbaijan, since the earliest times, the Caspian Sea has contributed to the Received in revised form: 07.10.2021 settlement of population and structure of the economy. The favourable natural geographical conditions of the coasts, exploitation of offshore oil and gas fields and rich tourist-recreational potential favoured the economy of Azerbaijan significantly. However, sea-level fluctuations and environmental damage observed due to exploitation of natural resources served as curbing factor in the development. In modern times, planning of residential areas in the coastal areas, improvement of industrial, agricultural and tourism infrastructure, and successful management of the ecological situation are achievable through effective use of the natural resources and human potential of the Caspian Sea. The coastal region of the Caspian Sea, composed of three zones, is favourable for the development of Azerbaijan’s economy. Theattractiveness of coastal areas is related mainly to preferences of natural conditions and resources and the advantages of their transport- geographical location. As a result, the development level of the economy of the Pre-Caspian region is higher compared to other regions of the country. The region accounts for 88.7 % of the total industrial output in the country. The main part of it, i. e. 95.7 % is shared by the city of Baku. The cause of significant difference in development level between the regions and the capital Baku is associated with the use of oil and gas resources of the Caspian. Thus, offshore oil and gas reserves in the Caspian have played a notable role in the development of coastal areas, and of the country’s whole economy. This has led to inequality in terms of regional development. This factor prompted the need to study the role of the use of resources of the Caspian Sea in the sustainable development of Azerbaijan’s economy. In order to achieve the goal, a comparative analysis of the leading economic branches in the Pre-Caspian regions was carried out from a historical point of view. The obtained information was systematized, and the socio-economic aspects of sustainable development were identified based on statistical-mathematical materials. Aerospace data were used as well.
The development of the theory of geocultural technologies is an attempt to integrate various theories and practices of foreign policy cultural activities of states on the world stage within the framework of a generalizing scientific vision, as well as to rethink international relations on the basis of geographical and cultural determinism, as well as the technological approach. The constitutive basis of the theory of geocultural technologies in international relations is the idea that the subordination of social actors to power is determined by its cultural attractiveness for them and leads to their further internalization, immersion in the cultural and symbolic interpretive matrix that justifies and justifies power in its geocultural originality. The complementary application of geographical, civilizational, cultural, deterministic, communicative and technological approaches has made it possible to outline the contours of the theory of geocultural technologies in international relations, to interpret effective practices of cultural engagement in the local, regional and global dimensions as geocultural technologies. Today, the problem of global cultural governance is increasingly coming to the fore among scholars. By actively participating in global cultural governance, states can not only realize their national interests, but also build the world of the future in accordance with their long-term strategies and culturally determined ideals of coexistence in the context of further increasing interdependence between peoples. In this sense, geocultural technologies are effective means of global cultural governance. The multidimensional nature and manifestations of geocultural technologies as effective practices in the international arena for the dissemination of geocultures allows them to be considered as means of international communication, as tools for public diplomacy, as means of cultural diplomacy, as soft power, as propaganda, and as legitimization. Thanks to geocultural technologies, a global transculture is being formed, which is a synthesis of ideas, images, and material things from different geocul- tures. Geocultures are defined as historically ordered sets of symbols, values, ideals, ideas, language practices, religious traditions, technologies of reproduction and transformation of social relations that embody the spirit of a particular geographical part of the world. Geoculture is inherent in any civilizational community or national-political entity.
The article reveals the features of introducing education for sustainable development in Ukraine, its theoretical basis and practical implementation on the example of Secondary Education in the Dnipropetrovsk region. The importance of forming an integrated developing educational environment based on the principles of education for sustainable development is proved. It determines the interdisciplinarity of the content of education for sustainable development, its high potential in creating a new type of educational environment. Methods and approaches of forming the values of sustainable development as important components of the development of life competencies of the individual are revealed.
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