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We studied the three-dimensional structure and patterns of distribution of the lingual papillae of healthy rats (the norm) and their changes in the process of development of diabetes mellitus І type. The research was conducted on 65 laboratory rats of the Weestar line. The research investigated the mucus shell and the microcirculatory network of the tongue. The distribution and three-dimensional structure of the papillae of the tongue were studied using a scanning electron microscope. It was found that there are 5 morphological subspecies of filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of body of the tongue: true filifom, flattened, thin and giant conical and brush-like. Isolated fungiform papillaе are unevenly distributed between filiform papillaе. The dorso-lateral edge of the dorsal lingual surface is covered by foliate papillae. The unique oval papilla vallate is located in the back-end of the middle line of the root of the tongue. The far back of the root of the tongue lacks papillae, is flattened and covered by squamous formations. The distribution and types of lingual papillae is similar in rats to other rodents. In the process of development of diabetic glossitis a reduction in the height of different types of papillae of the tongue was observed, and an increase in the amount of keratinized mass, which plays a role in the fixation of microflora on the surface of the mucus shell, which as a result may lead to development of inflammatory process in the tongues of rats with experimental diabetes mellitus. The stages of morphological and morphometric changes in the mucus shell and microcirculatory network of the tongues of rats with diabetes mellitus were investigated, the characteristic signs of these changes were marked. On the basis of morpho-functional changes of the tongues of rats with experimental streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus, two stages of development of pathomorphological changes were distinguished: 1) reactive changes (2–4th week) and 2) destructive processes (6–8th week). At the end of the first stage there was a reduction in height of the filiform papillae and width of mushroom-like papillae in the mucus shell of the tongue, an increase in its keratinization, a considerable reduction in the number of cells in the deeper layers of the epithelium of the tongue and the adsorption capacity of superficial epіtheliocites diminished, a significant reduction in the diameter of path clearance of all departments of the microcirculatory network is traced here. At the end of the secondary stage, there was a reduction in the sizes of all papillae of the back of the tongue, in all links of the microcirculatory network there was a development of diabetic microangiopathy which is characterized: by narrowing of the arterial and exchange links on a background expansion of capacity link. The question of influencing the pathological process in the vessels of the microcirculatory network on the state of the mucus shell of the tongue in animals with experimental streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus is discussed.

One of the complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) is diabetic myopathy, which is diagnosed in 88% of patients. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to establish the age characteristics of histo-ultrastructural changes in the masticatory muscle of 2-month (immature) and 6-month (mature) rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus (STD). It was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin 7 mg/100 g body weight in 2-month animals, and 6 mg/100 g body weight in 6-month-old rats. It was found that on the 70th day of STD there was a muscle sequestration and focal aseptic inflammatory cell infiltrates in the masticatory muscle of 2-month-old rats, while in 6-month-old animals the fibrosis and focal lysis of individual muscle fibers (MF), sometimes their necrosis and partial replacement by connective tissue were noticed. Sonography revealed in 6-month-old rats partial necrosis of MF, karyorexis, subsarcolemic edema, fibrosis and lysis of myofibrils, destruction of mitochondria; 2-month animals had intracellular regenerative processes: formation of young mitochondria, appearance of numerous granules of glycogen in the sarcoplasm between myofibrils. Such changes occur against the background of the diabetic microangiopathy. Adult animals had a massive destruction of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and it leads to a decrease in the area of axon sprouting by 67% and is accompanied by partial destruction of neuromuscular synapses. In 2-month-old rats, there was also a decrease in the area of NMJs by 54%, while in some NMJs the reinnervation processes were noted due to collaterals from neighboring nerve fibers. Thus, diabetic myopathy is diagnosed in the masticatory muscle of SDM rats of different ages, which results from the development of diabetic microangiopathy and peripheral neuropathy. In adult animals, it leads to atrophy and partial sclerosis of MF of the masticatory muscle, and in immature animals, compensatory-restorative processes are observed in the NMJs and MF.

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Background. The medical and social problem of diabetes mellitus (DM) is due to the significant prevalence, early disability and death of patients due to specific complications, one of which is diabetic encephalopathy. According to scientific literature, the latter is diagnosed in 80.7% of patients with type 1 diabetes. Objective of our work was to establish histo-ultrastructural changes in the visual cortex on the 56th day of the development of streptozotocinin-induced diabetes mellitus (SSD). Methods. For the study, 10 sexually mature white male rats (body weight 160-180 g) were used, which were equally divided into 2 groups: the first was a research one with SDS (single intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (SIGMA Chemical USA) at a rate of 6 mg / 100 g weight body), the second-control. For morphometric studies, the NIH USA "Image J" software and the statistical package Stat.Soft.Inc were used; Tulsa, OK, USA; Statistica 10. Results. In animals with SJS, in contrast to the control group of rats, the number of vacuolated and pycnomorphic neurons increases against the background of a decrease in normochromic neurons by 0.01 mm2 of the visual cortex. At the same time, the glial index increases by 1.8 times, and the number of capillaries by 0.01 mm2 decreases by 2.2 times. At the ultrastructural level, the most pronounced changes are experienced by pycnomorphic neurons, which are localized in the inner pyramidal layer. In the outer pyramidal and inner granular layers of the visual cortex, neurons with partial necrosis are found. Such changes in the visual cortex occur against the background of the development of diabetic microangiopathy. Thus, on day 56 of the course of SJS in the visual cortex of rats, diabetic encephalopathy is diagnosed, which is morphologically manifested: an increase in the numerical density of pycnomorphic and vacuolated neurons due to a decrease in normochromic neurons; phenomena of satellite disease and neuronophagy; axonopathy in tangential bundles of nerve fibers of the neuropil. Conclusion. Such changes occur against the background of the development of diabetic microangiopathy, which is characterized by: erythrocyte sludge, platelet adhesion and microthrombi in the lumen of microvessels; an increase in the capillary wall area with a decrease in the area of their lumen; thickening of the basement membrane; pericapillary edema of the legs of astrocytes.

Івано-Франківський національний медичний університет МОРФОФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНІ ЗМІНИ НАДНИРКОВИХ ЗАЛОЗ У РАННІ ТЕРМІНИ РОЗВИТКУ СТРЕПТОЗОТОЦИНОВОГО ЦУКРОВОГО ДІАБЕТУ Резюме. На 7 добу розвитку стрептозотоцинового цукрового діабету в надниркових залозах прослідковується стадія реактивних змін у відповідь на метаболічні порушення в організмі. У корі надниркових залоз простежується потовщення пучкової зони на 23,95 % (р=0,0007), тоді як товщина клубочкової і сітчастої зон достовірно не відрізняються від контрольних величин (у всіх випадках р<0,05), відмічається зменшення площі ендокриноцитів цієї зони, що при незмінній площі їхнього ядра веде до зростання ядерно-цитоплазматичного індексу. Такі морфометричні зміни ендокриноцитів пов'язані зі зменшенням у їхній цитоплазмі об'ємної щільності ліпідних крапель на 48,85 % (р=0,0045), що вказує на значне виділення гормонів у кров і підтверджується зростанням рівня кортизолу в 1,5 раза (р=0,0074). Між рівнями глюкози і кортизолу виявлені прямо пропорційні зв'язки r=+0,82 (р=0,0244). На 14 добу стрептозотоцинового цукрового діабету спостерігається підвищення морфофункціональної активності кори надниркових залоз, яка проявляється: потовщенням усіх її зон; достовірним зростанням площі ендокриноцитів усіх зон та їхніх ядер; збільшенням об'ємної щільності ліпідних гранул в ендокриноцитах пучкової зони в 4,73 раза відповідно. Рівень кортизолу в крові зростає, порівняно з контролем, на 14-у добу в 1,7 раза. Ключові слова: кора надниркової залози, гемомікроциркуляторне русло, стрептозотоциновий цукровий діабет.

The aim of study is special aspects of the efficient daily routine of students at modern educational institutions of different types, and its influence on psychophysical functions, adaptive abilities, the quality of life as well as the state of mental and somatic health of the youngsters. Materials and methods: While studying special aspects of the daily routine of students at modern educational institutions and their influence on the state of physical and mental health, the young people were observed in five modern educational establishments in Ivano-Frankivsk: Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk Finance Commercial Cooperative College named after S.Granat, Ivano-Frankivsk music school named after Denis Sichinskiy, Ivano-Frankivsk Vocational Motor Transport and Construction Lyceum № 15, Ivano-Frankivsk boarding lyceum for gifted young people from rural areas. 300 students were observed (150 female students and 150 male students). The study analyzed their educational conditions, daily routine tension, and activities during breaks, special aspects of leisure arrangements, amount of time spent on homework, subjective assessment of the level of tension of the educational process, and their projected influence on the health state of students by using static models. Results: Received results of the assessment of sanitary and hygienic conditions under which training takes place at modern educational institutions of different types, as well as conditions of after school activities of the students, by applying common methods to evaluate illumination level, microclimate, and air quality have revealed that the youngsters’ conditions at modern educational institutions are marked by absence of significant deviations from common hygienic requirements, they are similar and easily comparable and that enables defensibly and illuminatively to identify main features of influence of the different psychohygienic methods on the development of health maintaining tools and the establishment of features of the formation of functional capabilities and the basic correlates of mental and physical health. Conclusions: The educational conditions of young people in modern educational establishments can be described as not having considerable deviations from common hygienic requirements, being easily comparable and enabling to identify main influence factors of different types of psychohygienic methods of developing and implementing of healthmaintaining tools on the course of formation of the functional capabilities of the body and the development of the main adaptation reactions in young males and females.