In his paper establishing the foundations of omnivorousness theory, Richard Peterson suggested that the system of tastes is organised as a pyramid "with one elite taste at the top and more and more alternative forms at about the same level as one moves down the pyramid toward its base", with tastes at the bottom "mark [ing] the status boundaries between taste groups defined by age, gender, race, region, religion, lifestyle" (1992, p.254). Whereas highstatus individuals are likely to consume a few genres at all levels of the taste pyramid, lowstatus ones tend to patronise only one genre situated at the bottom. One of the predictions following from this model concerning the omnivorounsness of privileged groups has been tested in numerous studies, but the thesis of low-brow tastes having stronger structural embeddedness has been researched much less extensively. If Peterson is correct, we should find that the consumption of high-brow objects strongly correlates with status characteristics such as education where the consumption of low-and middle-brow does not; by the same token, the consumption of low-brow objects would correlate with gender, age, ethnicity, or other groupings where the consumption of high-brow objects does not. In this paper, we use a dataset from a St Petersburg public library system to analyse 1 900 000 book choices of over 170 000 readers to find out whether these predictions hold. We find that there is indeed a strong negative correlation between the attractiveness of authors for predominantly educated readers and the gender and age specificity of their audience. We discuss three possible theoretical explanations of this finding which can be discerned from the literature: (1) "group" and (2) "grid" interpretations, using the terms from Mary Douglas's cultural theory, and (3) the opposition between relaxational and self-cultivating usages of culture. We argue that the particular differentiation pattern speaks against the "group interpretation" prevalent in other literature.
Territoriality is the regulating social system for many carnivore species. It is usually determined by resource abundance and competition. Lutra lutra (hereinafter also – Eurasian otter), a top freshwater predator, has a wide range of various types of resources, which can influence its spatial organisation and space use. It is well known for optimal habitats (mainly wide rivers and lakes). Less is known about the usage of suboptimal habitat. Thus, we focused on forest streams in the Central-Russian Upland and studied the type and dynamics of the Eurasian otter space use with field and genetic methods. During the study period (2002–2018), we showed wave-like changes in the occurrence of the Eurasian otter with a period of nine years. The access to open water is a key factor that affects the Eurasian otter distribution during the snow period, and in the snowless period the water level effects their distribution. We found constant breeding locations, two breeding periods were observed in some years. Analysis of mtDNA control region showed that Eurasian otters with various haplotypes inhabit different river systems of the study area, which could show that the home range of Eurasian otters is determined by one river system. These results show that Eurasian otters use suboptimal habitats as an additional buffer area to survive difficult environmental conditions.
Introduction. Modern conditions of development of society are characterized by a high degree of uncertainty, growth of tension. It is important to form the willingness of future teachers to resolute conflicts, ensuring their self-efficacy with dynamic changes in the social and educational systems. To do this, the professional conflict management for training future teachers should have modern scientific and methodological support, be aligned with the challenges of the future (i.e. proactively), and not be an exclusively reactive response to situational tasks. The purpose of this publication is to construct a proactive model of scientific and methodological support for the conflict management for training future teachers based on analysis of modern domestic and international researches studies and current trends that determine the strategic guidelines for conflict management training future teachers. Methodology. During this research the dual opposition method, structural-functional analysis, and modeling were used. A review was carried out of articles published in international citation databases Scopus and Web of Science, as well as RSCI for 2015-2020. Results and scientific novelty. The results of this research and it's analysis show the existence of prerequisites for the development of a proactive model of scientific and methodological support for the conflictological training future teachers. The author's model of scientific and methodological support for the conflictological training of future teachers as a system for justifying and developing educational programs, content and methodological support was suggesting for better preparing future teachers for effective work on forecasting, diagnosis, prevention and managing proposed conflicts. The model includes a prognostic apparatus, axiological, methodological, substantive-procedural, productive components, which are able to have an invariant and variable component. Practical significance. The results of the review of scientific literature and the design model may be used to update the training of future teachers, when developing programs and courses in conflict science in the field of professional, additional and non-formal education.
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