665.753 There are two causes of Russia's lagging behind Western Europe and the USA in stiffening the quality requirements for automotive gasolines. Environmental pollution by exhaust gases only occurs in our country in large cities, since the volume of automotive gasolines consumed per unit of territory is 15-20 times less than in the USA and 4-5 times less than in Europe [1][2][3]. The second cause is the large number of automobiles with engines that satisfy Euro-2 requirements [4].Unleaded automotive gasolines are produced at almost all domestic oil refineries (OR). GOST R 51105-97 and GOST R 51866-2002 which replaced GOST 2084 required a major change in the production technology for their basic components. Fundamentally improving the quality of gasolines is only possible by reducing the total sulfur content -to less than 50(10) ppm, restricting the benzene content -to less than 5-1 vol. %, the total aromatic hydrocarbon content -to less than 35 vol. %, and the olefin content to less than 14 vol. %, and using high-octane additives in them -alcohols or ethers, detergents, and multifunctional additives.The basic components of commercial gasolines are the naphtha cuts from catalytic reforming and cracking. High concentrations of benzene and aromatics or olefins are characteristic of these components.The high benzene content in reforming naphtha cuts is due to aromatization of cyclohexane, methylcyclopentane, and n-hexane, and also to disproportionation and dealkylation of C 7 and higher hydrocarbons.The benzene content in the products of transformation is 4.5-5.5 wt. % in reforming of the 85-180°C cut and 1.4 wt. % in reforming of the 105-180°C cut.Removal of cuts that contain the hydrocarbons listed above from the reforming feedstock significantly reduces the supplies of high-octane components of gasoline when the refinery has no isomerization and alkylation processes. In addition, the higher end point in distillation of reforming feedstock negatively affects the vaporizability of commercial gasolines made from naphtha cuts from this process and requires addition of important amounts of light, low-octane, straight-run, IBP-62(85)°C cuts. 0009-3092/06/4204-0235

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The results of a pilot run of the LF-35/21-1000 reforming unit with continuous regeneration of the catalyst at LUKOIL -Nizhegorodnefteorgsintez Co. are reported. It was found that all of the blocks and units operate in accordance with the project requirements. Dependences that correlate the quality of reforming naphtha with its yield and the yield of hydrogen-containing gas and power consumption with the output of the unit were obtained.Catalytic reforming naphtha occupies a leading position (52.8 vol. %) in Russia's gasoline stock (more than 30 million tons/year) [1]. This is due to catalytic reforming units with periodic catalyst regeneration, the base for production of high-octane components of unleaded automotive gasolines, as well as catalytic cracking naphthas, in all large oil refineries [2,3]. The proportion of catalytic reforming and cracking naphthas is decreasing significantly in high-quality gasolines due to stiffening of the requirements for the content of benzene (less than 1 vol. %), aromatics (less than 35 vol. %), and olefins (less than 5 vol. %) [4].The universal introduction of catalytic reforming in oil refinery (OR) manufacturing schemes is also due to the fact that hydrogen-containing gas (HCG) is the second target product of this process. The concentration of hydrogen in HCG is 75-93% as a function of modification of the process. Production of environmentally clean jet and diesel fuels is directly correlated with the presence of industrial hydrogen in the refineries, i.e., catalytic reforming units [5].The basic trends in improving catalytic reforming are:the efficiency of the catalysts; 363 • • • • • revamping and retooling the units with a stationary bed of catalyst with a step with continuous regeneration of the catalyst; • • • • • introducing units with continuous regeneration of the catalyst; • • • • • improving process and heat-and mass-exchange equipment [6]. In 2004, LUKOIL -Nizhegorodnefteorgsintez Co. completed construction of the LF-35/21-1000 unit based on Platforming CCR UOP technology at a pressure of 0.35 MPa under a medium-term program for re-equipping and developing production.After completion of construction and starting the unit up, studies were conducted to determine the optimum composition of the feedstock and target product, power consumption and real consumption of material and technical resources, to establish the correspondence of the real operating parameters with the rated parameters, to optimize operation of control systems, and to determine the cycle between repairs based on the results of operating compressor equipment in the different operating conditions of the unit.The studies of the feedstock hydrotreating block were conducted for 138 days, the reforming block was investigated for 132 days, and the catalyst regeneration block was studied for 95 days. The feedstock load varied from 67 to 120 tons/h, and the catalyst circulation rate varied from 400 to 715 kg/h. The unit operated in six regimes.The basic indexes of operation of the hydrotreating block are rep...

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Comprehensive studies of the effect of the dose characteristics of an active electron beam on conversion of the components of ozonized and straight-run atmospheric resid were conducted for the first time. It was shown that preliminary ozonation totally alters the mechanism and paths of radiolysis reactions.The structure of the heavy crude oil feedstock changed and the concentration of vanadylporphyrins decreased by 1.3 times.Exhaustive refining of crude oil involves searching for and developing process solutions that allow completely utilizing the hydrocarbon constituent of heavy crude feedstock. Improving the processes for refining such feedstock abroad have basically been oriented toward creating highly effective catalytic systems and equipment.Methods of activating feedstock with such physical effects as ultrasound, magnetic treatment, ultrahigh frequencies, infrared radiation, mechanochemistry, ultraviolet radiation, etc., could be an alternative or supplement to traditional oil refining processes.Publications [1-8] on the use of nontraditional refining methods convincingly indicate the effectiveness of controlling intermolecular interactions in petroleum disperse systems with these methods. Such effects in the final analysis alter the number and size of particles of the disperse phase, which allows more completely realizing the potentials of the feedstock and increasing the yield and quality of target products during subsequent use of traditional technologies.The possibility of activation of visbreaking feedstock -atmospheric resid -by exposing it to an active electron beam and ozone was investigated in the present study.There are many monographs [9-12] and articles [13,14] on theoretical aspects and experimental data from studying the effect of an active electron beam on conversion of different organic compounds. The features of radiation thermal cracking (RTC) of different crude oil cuts are described in [15][16][17][18][19][20]. Let us consider the content of these studies in more detail. 342The studies in [12] of transformations of naphtha cuts under 140°C in RTC showed that the degree is a function of the temperature and in comparison to the degree of transformations in thermal cracking (TC), it is more than one order of magnitude higher, and the yield of the products of decomposition attains 15,000 moles/100 eV. In certain irradiation conditions, the radiation constituent neutralizes the thermal constituent and the yield of products is basically ensured by the radiation effect.RTC of West Siberian crude vacuum gasoil distilling within the limits of 350-450°C was investigated in [15] in stationary conditions at temperatures of 300-400°C and doses of 60 Co g radiation of (0.5-2)10 5 Gy with a dose rate of 5.1 Gy/sec. In this process, the total yield of naphtha and benzene cuts at an absorbed dose of 1.510 5 Gy and temperature of 400°C attains 49.2 wt. %. In TC of similar feedstock, it does not exceed 24.9 wt. %. A method for obtaining high-molecular-weight monoolefins based on radiation thermal treatment...

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