Silva, P, Santos, ED, Grishin, M, and Rocha, JM. Validity of heart rate-based indices to measure training load and intensity in elite football players. J Strength Cond Res 32(8): 2340-2347, 2018-This study aimed to identify the most sensible heart rate-based indices to physical measures of training load and intensity. Twenty professional football players competing in the Russian league and in the UEFA Champions League were monitored during 15 training sessions (270 individual records) using global positioning systems devices (10 Hz) and heart rate telemetry. Expert knowledge and a collinearity r < 0.5 were used initially to select the external physical markers for the final analysis. A multivariate-adjusted within-subjects model was used to quantify the correlations between heart rate indices with various measures of training intensity and load. The number of accelerations >2.5 m·s and the number of high-intensity bursts remained in the final multivariate model for training load. The adjusted correlations with Banister's training impulse (TRIMP) were r = 0.49 and r = 0.3, respectively. For training intensity, the same previous variables expressed as per minute plus the volume of high-speed running per minute remained in the final model. The adjusted correlations with the percentage of time spent above 80% of individual maximum heart rate (tHR80%) were, in the same order, r = 0.3, r = 0.22, and r = 0.18. The results of this study demonstrate the validity of TRIMP and tHR80% as measures of training load and intensity, respectively, and identified accelerations and high-intensity repeated efforts (high-intensity bursts) as being moderately predictive of heart rate responses.
Aim. To describe the ultrastructural characteristics of the blood-air barrier (BAB) interstitium in fi brous cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis (FCT) in comparison with chronic nonspecifi c lung diseases (CNSLD).Materials and methods. The fragments of the pericavernal zone and lung tissue were taken for the study at the resection border from the dead or operated for CNSLD persons (n = 163), and the perifocal and boundary zone of lung tissue. 116 CNSLD patients were divided into 3 subgroups: 1) chronic lung abscess (n = 42); 2) bronchiectasis (n = 44); 3) lung cyst (n = 30). The lung fragments of 30 patients who died from pathology not associated with lung diseases (myocardial infarction, acute cerebrovascular accident) were used as a control group to compare the morphological parameters. The criteria for inclusion of patients in the study: age from 18 to 65 years, negative clinical and laboratory data on the presence of comorbid pathology (viral hepatitis B, C and HIV). For TEM, lung fragments 1×1×1 mm in size were cut out and fi xed in a 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution in phosphate buffer (pH = 7.2–7.4) and washed in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH = 7.4), followed by dehydration in alcohols of an ascending concentration and placing in a mixture of Epon and Araldite resins according to the scheme. Ultrathin sections were made with Reynolds staining. Viewing and photographing preparations was carried out on a PEM-100 transmission electron microscope (Ukraine) (magnifi cation range from ×1000 to ×30 000). Results. It was established that changes in BAB components in all groups had similar features in the form of severe interstitial fi brosis, the signs of endothelial cell degeneration and destruction of varying degrees of severity, as well as the heterogeneity of the endothelial and epithelial basement membranes.Conclusion. Ultrastructural changes in the BAB components of the removed lung part in patients with FCT and chronic nonspecifi c lung diseases are characterised by a polymorphism with prevailing dystrophic and destructive changes in the perifocal zone of infl ammation, and compensatory-adaptive processes on the peripheral, especially at the resection border.
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