The current development of medicine and the results of recent large-scale academic research in pediatrics provide the convincing conclusions that the formation of human health begins in the antenatal period of ontogenesis and continues throughout the infancy. The ideas and subsequent academic research on the influence of nutrition during the first thousand days of life on the programming of metabolism and the development of some chronic somatic diseases such as obesity, hypertension, coronary heart disease have become widespread. In addition, at the same period of life immune abnormalities with a predominance of one of the subpopulations, Th1 or Th2, can possibly form in children at risk of developing allergies when immune response is developing. The predominance of the Th2 cytokine profile (hyperproduction of interleukins 4, 5, 13, etc.) suggests the possibility of stable formation of the atopic status in a child afterwards. Consequently, the application of academic knowledge on the health status programming by nutrition during early ontogenesis is an important tool in preventive pediatric practice. Развитие современной медицины, результаты последних масштабных научных исследований в педиатрии приводят к убедительным выводам, что формирование здоровья человека начинается в антенатальном периоде онтогенеза и продолжается на протяжении раннего детского возраста. Широкое распространение получили идеи и последовавшие за ними научные исследования о влиянии питания первых тысячи дней жизни в программировании метаболизма и развитии некоторых хронических соматических болезней, таких как ожирение, гипертоническая болезнь, ишемическая болезнь сердца. Вместе с тем в этот же период жизни у детей групп риска по развитию аллергии при становлении иммунного ответа возможно программирование иммунных отклонений с преобладанием одной из субпопуляций -Th1 или Th2. Преобладание цитокинового профиля Th2 (гиперпродукция интерлейкинов 4,5, 13 и др.) предполагает возможность стойкого формирования атопического статуса ребенка в дальнейшем. Следовательно, использование научных знаний о программировании состояния здоровья питанием в процессе раннего онтогенеза является важным инструментом в практической профилактической педиатрии. Ключевые слова: новорожденный, младенец, дети, пищевая аллергия, высокий риск, профилактика, иммуногенность, прикорм.
This article is dedicated to the issue of infant feeding. It is universally recognized that the best product for neonatal and infant feeding is breast milk. On the basis of the worldwide literature data, the authors give a detailed account of breast milk advantages from various (biological, clinical and psychological) The benefits of breast feeding are widely known. Since the last decades breast milk has been considered the indispensable product or the gold standard in neonatal breast feeding. Breast feeding of healthy infants is recommended up to 4-6 months; after introducing supplemental feeding breast feeding can still be relative even at an older age (after the first year of infants' lives) [1,2]. More and more facts are proving benefits of breast milk for breast feeding sick and premature infants both at resuscitation and intensive care units for neonates and in further nursing [3−5].
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTSBreast milk is the optimal product for enteric feeding of premature infants. It can be viewed as biological dynamic system specific for Homo sapiens. Breast milk which contains a large complex of protective factors, hormones, enzymes, cytokines, growth promoting substances, antioxidant complex, essential nutrient materials, and is not only a nutritious substrate but also has preventive and medical properties. Special attention is paid to certain biological active and immunomodulatory factors of breast milk which can not only provide infants' adequate protection from infection, but also actively simulate the immune response and modify intestinal microbiota [6,7]. A very important role among the abovementioned factors belongs to oligosaccharides. Initially they were described as prebiotic bifidus factor which serves as a metabolic substrate for indigenous bacteria and forms the composition of the intestinal microbiota; currently it is known that oligosaccharides are more than just food for microbes. Recent studies have shown that oligosaccharides can directly prevent pathogen adhesion to intestinal tract's mucosa; they are also able to minimize the risks of infection and simulate epithelial and immune response of the cells [8]. The recent study also informs on higher concentration of oligosaccharides in breast milk after premature labor 1
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