Ntroduction. The assessment of water quality and safety of centralized water supply systems in the Primorsky Krai was carried out in order to assess hygiene levels of public health risks associated with drinking water from the distribution network. Material and methods. The data of laboratory studies on sanitary and chemical parameters in drinking water of the distribution network of the Primorsky region were used. Hygienic assessment of drinking water was carried out according to regulatory requirements, the effect of summation of biological effect was calculated. The work used methodological recommendations for calculating the index of chemical water pollution and the utility coefficient, as well as a guide for assessing the health risks of the population when exposed to chemicals of a non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic nature. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were calculated for all potable water of centralized water supply based on the average daily intake dose and the reference dose of chemicals supplied with drinking water. The risk profile for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects was achieved by comparing exposure levels with reference concentrations (safe) for human health. The risk profile for the combined effects of chemical compounds is based on the calculation of the hazard index (HI). A study on carcinogenic risk was carried out for substances that are identified as carcinogens according to the classification of an international agency for the study of cancer. For the analysis and statistical processing of information, the program "MS Excel" was used. Results. An assessment of the sanitary and epidemiological safety of centralized systems of domestic and drinking water supply in the region showed that the highest contribution to poor health is made by the content of arsenic, nitrates, iron, silicon, and petroleum products in drinking water. According to the values of hazard indices, the skin and mucous membranes, the central nervous system, the immune system, the endocrine system, the circulatory and digestive organs are exposed to adverse effects from chemicals in drinking water. The individual carcinogenic risk ranges from negligibly small to the upper limit of acceptable carcinogenic risk. Assessment of the potable water value indicator revealed a deficit situation in calcium, sodium, fluorine and general mineralization of water. The risk assessment for arsenic, tetrachlorethylene, and chloroform, which have carcinogenic properties and are the most important pollutants of drinking water, has shown that the individual risk levels for these substances are within the first and second ranges, which corresponds to the allowable and maximum allowable risk. Discussion. Arsenic concentration in adults was found to be not detected with risks greater than one, while for children, the non-carcinogenic risk from arsenic exceeded the level of safe exposure (HQ> 1), because children are more susceptible to toxic substances due to their relatively large volume of respiration and the rate of gastrointestinal absorption (due to greater permeability of the intestinal epithelium), and also due to the immature system of detoxification enzymes and a relatively lower rate of excretion of toxic chemicals. According to the level of non-carcinogenic risk for children, nitrates follow arsenic. Nitrates have a hypoxic effect, increasing the concentration of the irreversible form of hemoglobin - methemoglobin. The toxicity of nitrates is related to their transformation into the human body into nitrosamines. As a result, the child's organism responds more sharply than in adults to the presence of chemicals in the water. The general mineralization of drinking water is one of the integral index of the quality of drinking water. Calcium and magnesium deficiency can be an independent risk factor for the development of various diseases and manifest pathologies of the cardiovascular system: coronary heart disease, hypertensive disease, myocardial infarction, etc. The tap water is known to be is not overloaded with carbonates, since they can lead to spoilage of water pipes. Therefore, to enrich the water with calcium and magnesium, the technology of creating bottled water uses mineral additives, which means that such water can become an additional source of minerals. Conclusion. Sanitary and hygienic assessment of centralized systems of domestic and drinking water supply in the Primorsky Territory has shown that the quality of drinking water depends on the concentration of arsenic, nitrates, iron, silicon and petroleum products. It should be noted that with the daily use of water from the distribution network throughout life, the likelihood of developing harmful effects on the health of adults and children is insignificant.
The aim - to conduct a risk assessment of the sanitary and chemical indicators of water for the population and to determine the impact of the quality of centralized drinking water on health. Methods. To assess the risk of drinking water, the database of water test results for 2014-2016 was used. General principles of calculations are taken from the manual and guidelines. The analysis of water is carried out according to sanitary rules and norms. The risk of sanitary and chemical indicators was calculated for the conditions of prolonged and combined oral exposure of several chemicals based on the daily consumption of water by the population with a diverse elemental composition. The calculations used the standard values of water intake for adults (70 kg of body 2 l/day) and children (15 kg of body 1 l/day). To establish the statistical relationship, the Spearman correlation coefficient was used at a significance level of p < 0.05. Results. Analysis of chemicals in drinking water revealed exceedances of maximum permissible concentrations for manganese (by 1.4 times) and iron (from 4.1 to 13.0 times). In calculating the total risk, the critical organs that are most susceptible to the influence of chemicals in the water, such as the circulatory system, skin, genitourinary and immune systems, have been identified. The greatest contribution to the development of the risk of diseases of these systems is made by iron and arsenic. The level of morbidity in the circulatory system among adults is affected by arsenic (R = 0.61), and among children iron (R = 0.79). The hazard ratio was maximum for iron (HQ = 0.833) and arsenic (HQ = 0.426) in drinking water for the child population. A direct positive correlation was found between arsenic concentration and the incidence of adult population in the area for skin and subcutaneous tissue, and for children between the concentration of iron in water and diseases of the circulatory system. Conclusions. The results allow to determine the directions of sanitary-hygienic measures aimed at improving the quality of drinking water and preserving the health of the population.
Modern company development requires not only tactical and strategic goals settings. It also requires to meet specific financial requirements for capital conditions. As it widely known company's capital conditions estimates with financial performance indicators. This method is quite discussion, nevertheless it still widely applicable. From our point of view, «financial equilibrium» as a one of group key financial performance indicator is crucial. In the capital condition estimation while discussing its adequacy to financial equilibrium, special attention should be given to such performance indicators as: liquidity, risk and yield. Balancing those parameters allows to management by default to achieve financial condition that required. Shown issue reveals its especial actuality for holdings, due to its complicated structure of inner communications which made it hard to achieve tactical and strategic goals that been set. Holdings needs to develop and apply special rules for structuring capital flows, which allows to achieve financial equilibrium. This article is about Financial liability limits as a one of factors that impacting holding capital condition. Current article based on researching of the practical approach of financial liabilities limits. Key conclusions revealed in the article.
The estimation of the risk assessment for health of the population from arsenic exposure coming from the basic groups of food raw materials and food, local and imported products. Hygienic assessment given of the content of arsenic in the basic foods from 2011 to 2016 in the Primorsky Territory. Effects are caused basically by contamination of fruit and vegetable products, milk and dairy products, fish and fish products. Risks for health of the population on the basis of the obtained data on average daily doses of entering of an arsenic in an organism at consumption of basic food are defined.
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