The review discusses the results of various clinical studies assessing the impact of physical activity on the cardiovascular system and provides the evidence suggesting that physical inactivity along with psychosocial factors, i.e. smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet, obesity, arterial hypertension, diabetes, is one of the most significant risk factors leading to the development of cardiovascular disease. The comparative assessment of the indicators of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality adjusted to the level of physical activity and gender in the countries with different socioeconomic development is presented. Thus, there is a need to increase adherence to the recommended levels of physical activity in order to reduce cardiovascular morbidity, overall and cardiovascular mortality in the countries with different income levels.
Relevance. Obesity is the main independent risk factor for hypertension (AH). A close association of obesity with arterial pressure has been repeatedly identified in various ethnic, age and gender groups. A direct link between hypertension and various obesity criteria has been studied in many countries and ethnic groups, but the results of studies show that the criterion of obesity, which most accurately predicts the development of hypertension, has not yet been determined. Objective: to evaluate the relationship of different obesity criteria (BMI, WC, WC/HC, level of IV, IVO) to the level of blood pressure and the prevalence of hypertension among the inhabitants of the Siberian region Materials and methods. It was surveyed 1600 people permanently living in the territory of the city of Kemerovo and the Kemerovo region. Statistical processing of data was carried out using the application programs Statistica 6.0. The presence of obesity by various criteria: body mass index (BMI), waist/hip ratio (WC/HC), waist circumference (WC), visceral fat (LV) level, visceral obesity index (IVO). Results. The prevalence of hypertension was 66.2% among men and 66.5% among women (p=0.886). In the obese group, the prevalence of hypertension varied in men from 75.6% (according to the BMI and WC/HC criteria) to 85.9% (visceral fat level), in women from 76.0% (according to WC/HC) to 94.0% (according to the level of visceral fat). In the presence of obesity, according to all the criteria studied, the percentage of a correctly predicted AH was 77.0%, using only one criterion, ranged from 72.7% (LV level) to 75.9% (WC), using two criteria - from 74.4% (BMI+LV level) to 76.3% (WC/HC+WC). Conclusions. The level of blood pressure was influenced by most of the obesity criteria studied, however, the greatest increase in SBP was recorded in the presence of obesity in terms of WC, DBP - in visceral fat. All obesity criteria studied (BMI, WC/HC, WC, IV level, IVO) showed a statistically significant effect on the likelihood of developing hypertension, but more so on BMI (obesity was associated with a 2.15-fold increase in AH).
The review presents the data and evidences from recent clinical studies on the frailty syndrome - one of the most relevant clinical syndromes, though not studied well yet. The latest data on the prevalence of frailty and various factors contributing to its onset are reported. The presence of frailty is considered as an independent predictor of poor prognosis and high mortality rate. The role of frailty in the development of cardiovascular diseases, their progression and complicated course has been analyzed using the latest studies. In addition, the tendency towards higher incidence of frailty among the population of different countries and the poor prognosis of frail patients requires a series of clinical studies aimed at developing measures for primary and secondary prevention, as well as effective treatment strategies for frailty. The PubMed was used for a literature review.
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