The research purpose is to compare the no-till Triticum aestivum L. cultivation technology with a traditional cultivation system and their influence on soil moisture, the number of weeds, soil density, aggregate composition and a structure coefficient. The studies were conducted in 2015–2018 in the Steppe Crimea. Crop rotations consist of the same set of plants with the exception of the first link: under the traditional system: black fallow – winter wheat — oil flax — winter barley — grain sorghum; under the no-till system, pea was sowed at the first field. The experiments were conducted in accordance with generally accepted methods of field experiments in agriculture and crop production. By the time of sowing, a larger amount of moisture accumulated in the black fallow compared to the field of peas. It was 0–10; 0–20; 0–100 cm for 1.9; 5.5 and 20.6 mm, respectively. In spring, the amount of productive moisture was at the same level. Under the traditional system, it was 104; under the direct sowing, it was 102 mm. Using the direct sowing technology, the absence of mechanical soil loosening had no effect on the density parameter in comparison with the traditional farming system: density was normal, regardless of the farming system: 1.13 g/cm3 under the traditional system, and 1.19 g/cm3 under the direct sowing system; in the 10-30 cm layer, it was 1.45 g/cm3; in general, in the 0–30 cm layer, the difference was not significant (1.34 and 1.36 g/cm3). The species composition of weeds did not change. The direct sowing technology used for untreated soil had a positive effect on the soil structure. By the third year of research, the coefficient of structure was 2.94 (under the traditional system), and 4.05 (under the direct sowing system).
The goal of the research is to study the effect of Pisum sativum L. seeds treatment before sowing with a complex of microbiological preparation, in comparison with a chemical treatment, on the parameters of plants growth, product quality, and yield, against the background of the system of agriculture without soil tillage. The research was conducted in 2016-2018 in the zone of Central Steppe of Crimea. Trial establishment and researches were carried out in accordance with the generally common methods of field experiments in land husbandry and plant growing. In 2016, the symbiosis of Pisum sativum L plants and the microbial community had a significant impact on the number of beans per plant: the control was 7.6 pieces on 1 plant, and under the influence of complex microbial preparation is 8.6 units per 1 plant (LSD05 – 0,92). The weight of grain from 1 plant was significantly higher by 0.5 g on the variant with inoculation. In 2017 on plant height there is a slight increase in growth when treated with the preparation by 4.4 cm (LSD05 – 5,03). The same thing happens with the number of beans of 8.2 and 8.6 units on the same plant that shows at LSD05 – 1.59, the accuracy increase of this parameter at 0.4 units per plant in the variant with inoculation. Severe weather conditions during the vegetation of Pisum sativum L. in 2018 contributed to the fact that the microbial preparation studied by us practically did not affect the studied indicators of growth and productivity.
It is proved that the productivity of all crops is higher when growing them in crop rotation, and not permanently. According to a significant number of scientists, crop rotation is the only agricultural element in the system of agriculture, the action of which is based on natural foundations. Proper crop rotation, with an appropriate set of crops, helps stabilize the presence of humus in the soil. If the structure contains 20-25% of legumes, the amount of humus in the soil will not only stabilize but will increase. The purpose of these studies is to study the productivity of short-rotational crop rotations and to establish their effect on soil fertility, in particular on the presence of humus after two rotations. The experimental component of the study consists of three repetitions with a randomized placement of crop rotations. Soil cultivation, norms and terms of fertilizer application, sowing, and crop care are generally accepted. All studied crop rotations are recommended to farm enterprises, depending on the specialization of the farm. Crop rotations with clean steam should be in farms engaged in the production of a marketable grain of valuable and robust wheat and seed production. Crop rotations with busy couples should be in enterprises that specialize in raising dairy cattle. Crop rotation is an economically viable, real way to increase the productivity of each crop and the entire crop rotation as a whole, as well as restoration of soil fertility. Compliance with crop rotation stabilizes or increases the presence of humus from 1.70 to 2% in a layer of 0-40 cm.
A research was carried out to evaluate the effect of winter wheat plant residues on the content of productive moisture and on the soil structure and physical state under different tillage in the Steppe Crimea. A reliable moisture accumulation (115 mm in a meter soil layer) was revealed at the experimental plots where no-till was applied. The quality of soil structure under both farming systems (no-till and traditional one) can be assessed as an excellent one. Values are in the range of 78.0-81.3%. The coefficient of soil structure is in optimal values and averages 4.3.
The stationary experiment on the comparative study of the direct sowing and traditional cultivation technology was laid in 2015–2016 at the trial field of the FSBSI “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”. Two five-course crop rotations were taken as a base; all fields were included in the crop rotation. During the years of research, we observed mixed weed infestation. No matter what cultivation technology was applied, actual weed flora at the fields with winter crops was represented by overwintering and winter weeds; at the fields with spring crops – annual spring weeds. There were no rootstock grasses and rhizomatous perennial weeds or there were few of them at all fields in the experimental crop rotations both by traditional cultivation technology and direct sowing. Timely and high-quality weed control put the direct sowing on equal footing with the traditional one. It is advisable to change herbicides, their doses, as well as use tank mixes, after moving to a direct sowing system.
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