Human epidermal growth factor receptor HER2, a proto-oncogene involved in the proliferation and differentiation signaling pathway. The overexpression and amplification of the HER2 gene and their significance have been studied in breast cancer. Data on HER2 over expression in gastric cancer vary widely, and the value is presented by inconsistent disparate data. The interpretation of HER2 in gastric cancer differs from the evaluation in breast cancer. The purpose of this review is to summarize current data on the evaluation of HER2 in gastric cancer for the selection of targeted therapy. The search in modern databases of medical literature was carried out, more than 100 modern literary sources on the above-mentioned topic were studied and analyzed in detail and carefully. The most significant data on the evaluation of HER2 expression in gastric cancer and its prognostic and predictive value were selected and presented. Selected options evaluate the expression of HER2 receptor in operating and biopsy material of stomach cancer. Comparative data on the use of different antibody clones to solve the above problem are presented. The most frequent and important errors and possible interpretation disorders in the expression of HER2 in gastric cancer are analyzed. The use of transtuzumab for targeted therapy in gastric cancer makes it mandatory to test surgical and biopsy samples of gastric cancer to assess their expression of HER2. The development of various methods and the progress of molecular biology, however, the main role of the immunohistochemical method in solving this problem still left. Gastric cancer needs a single accessible standardized system for evaluating HER2 expression, and, most importantly, expert level interpretation of these results.
The purpose of the research is the study of the morphological structure of echinococcal cysts to assess the possibility of using organ-preserving methods of surgical treatment.Materials and methods. A clinical, instrumental, and morphological fundamental study was performed in the Surgical Clinic of the Botkin Hospital when radiation and morphological data in addition to clinical data were studied for 28 patients who underwent surgical treatment for liver echinococcosis. Excised gross specimens were examined to study the capsule structure, and the penetration of germinal elements of the cysts through membranes of the parasite (64 successively excised primary operated echinococcal cysts).Results and discussion. The fibrous capsule of the echinococcal cyst is a good barrier against Protoscolexes penetrating into the liver tissue. None of the 64 specimens studied in detail was found to have germinal elements of any echinococcal cyst penetrating through its fibrous capsule. The morphological justification of organ-preserving methods in the treatment of patients with liver echinococcosis allows a conclusion that these interventions are safe and radical.
Introduction. primary mucinous carcinoma of the eyelid skin is a rare adenocarcinoma of skin glands. This tumor rarely metastasizes but frequently recurs.The study objective is to describe a rare clinical case of primary mucinous carcinoma of the eyelid skin, present macroscopic, histological and immunohistological descriptions of this pathology.Clinical case. male, 66 years old, sought medical care due to a neoplasm of the lower eyelid. macroscopically a subcutaneous node 1.2 × 1.0 cm was observed, of yellow-brown color, gelatinous in section. microscopic examination showed that the tumor consists of islands of epithelial cells surrounded by mucinous “lakes”. Immunohistochemical examination showed Ck7, estrogen, p53 expression in the tumor cells, as well as absence of Ck20 expression. Based on the data of macro-, microscopic and immunohistochemical examinations, primary mucinous carcinoma of the eyelid skin was diagnosed. Observed morphological signs of this tumor allow to differentiate it from cancer metastasis.Conclusion. primary mucinous carcinoma of the skin should be differentiated from metastasis of mucinous carcinoma of the breast, lung, colon, et al. macro- and microscopic signs of this tumor are subjective. Immunohistochemical examination is a more reliable diagnostic tool.
Objective: to select optimal parameters of two-wave near-infrared laser irradiation for the arthroscopic treatment of chondromalacia foci in the articular cartilage. Material and methods. Bull articular cartilages were treated with laser light delivered by a fifi ber and having various parameters. Human articular cartilages with chondromalacia foci taken during the total knee replacement were also treated with laser light delivered by a fifi ber and having various parameters. The processed cartilage samples were examined macroscopically and then histologically. Changes in the structure of ar[1] ticular cartilage after laser irradiation were assessed. Results. A two-second irradiation with two-wave laser light (λ = 0.97 μm / 30 W and λ = 1.55 μm / 15 W) causes a rapid “melting” of lesion margins without macroscopically visible carbonization with a wide thermally affected zone in the irradiated area. Histologically, cartilage preparations irradiated with two-wave laser light (wavelengths λ = 1.55 μm / 5 W and λ = 0.97 μm / 3 W) for 2 sec demonstrated slight changes in the cartilage structure without thermal destruction of chondrocytes.Conclusion. The optimal combination for laser irradiation of the cartilage tissue in the saline solution environment which restores articular cartilage shape is two-wave laser light λ = 0.97 μm at power of 3 W and λ = 1.55 μm at power of 5 W from the distance of 1–2 mm under 2 sec exposure.
Carcinoma of the stomach is wide spread malignancy with the poor prognosis. Recent investigations of the genome features let to consider this tumor as heterogeneous lesion, presenting different biological subtypes. Each of those subtypes has its own definitive characteristics including difference in prognosis. Microsatellite instability (MSI) – epigenetic molecular abnormality known in many tumors. The role of MSI in the carcinoma of stomach, prognostic as well predictive, is still not clear. High incidence (10 up to 22 %) of MSI in carcinoma of stomach requires performing more extensive studying of this malignancy. The present review is dedicated to recent data of the literature, concerning clinical, morphological, prognostic and predictive features of MSI in the carcinoma of stomach.
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