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The review summarizes current data about mechanisms of signal transduction with participation of cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) and elements of the complex cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) signal pathway in unicellular eukaryotes. Conceptions of evolutionary origin of eukaryotic signal transduction systems are developed.

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Introduction 3. Energy-producing function of mitochondria and H 2 S 4. The role of nitric oxide and mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase in cardioprotection during hypoxia and ischemia/reperfusion 5. The role of carbon monoxide and heme oxygenase system in vasodilation.