Strategic plans for the economic development of the Russian Federation involve an increase in demand for natural fiber products, including linen, which will require an increase in the production of domestic linen in the near future. The authors examined the most important problems of scientific support for production increasing and the quality of flax products improving in the Russian Federation.(Research purpose) To assess the flax growing state and identify the problems of scientific support for improving the flax production quality.(Materials and methods) The authors studied the organizational aspects of fl ax cultivation and processing, new ways of harvesting crops, issues of technological processes mechanization and the state of farms’ technical equipment.(Results and discussion) The authors showed that the share of flax use in industrialized countries reached 24 percent in the textiles, paper, and composite materials production. They found out that the mechanization level at the flax mills did not exceed 40 percent. They presented a comparative analysis of the intensification level of Western European and domestic flax growing. They confirmed that separate cleaning technology could be applied on average at 25-30 percent of the harvested area, depending on weather conditions. It was determined that approximately 90 percent of treated plant fibres were received using a dewy lobe in Russia and abroad. The authors developed a new method of cleaning flax and a multifunctional unit for its implementation. During the experiments, they established a 50 percent increase in the productivity of new technical equipment, a 60 percent reduction in the heap content, and a 3-fold reduction in seed losses compared to harvesting with the LK-4A flax harvester. They showed the advantages of the method of the tape wrapping on linen, which created equal conditions for aging for the upper and lower layers, which was especially effective when the straw yield was more than 3.5 tons per hectare. Wrapping helped to increase the uniformity of straw in color in the upper and lower layers of the tape and increased the quality and quantity of flax seeds.(Conclusions) It was established that in order to increase the flax growing efficiency, a comprehensive modernization was necessary, which involved the solution of organizational, agronomic, technological and engineering issues.
Breeding and genetic researches of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) started more than 100 years ago, but their relevance does not decrease. More than 200 cultivars of this culture are offered in the international seed market for oil and fiber production with yearly amount of the harvested area about one million hectares and 0.3 million hectares, respectively. Different agro-climatic conditions in the countries, in which flax is being cultivated, and the progress in technologies of processing and new ways of application of products made of the fibers and other parts of the flax plant determine the necessity to accelerate breeding process. Now duration of breeding work for creating a new variety is up to 10-15 years. The dominating method for flax breeding is intraspecific hybridization with the subsequent selections. Basic part of breeding work is ecological trials and intensive using in the crossing the best new cultivars, old popular varieties («kriazhee»), local samples and breeding forms (S.N. Kutuzova et al., 2010; A. Diedrechsen et al., 2013). Prebreeding work focuses on the overcoming of limits of traditional hybridization methods by using some peculiarities of combinative variability (L.N. Pavlova, 2010). Recombination induction can be achieved by using the stress conditions for flax plant (hybrid) growing (A.A. Zhuchenko Jr. et al., 2009). Physical (γ-radiation) and chemical (Nnitrosomethylurea, ethyleneimine, dimethyl sulfate) mutagens considerably raise an output of mutant forms which possess economically valuable traits (M.I. Loginov et al., 2005; I.V. Uschapovsky, 2013). The article examines the examples of the use of cell and tissue culture techniques that extend somaclonal variation and allow to produce flax lines with desirable properties, including disease resistance (fusariosis, anthracnose) (V.A. Lyakh et al., 2008; N.V. Proletova et al., 2010). The review describes DNA marking technology which allows us to group genetic material of flax according to its genetic proximity and to optimize matching the genotypes to crossbreeding in view of saving the maximum genetic diversity (Y.B. Fu et al., 2003; V.A. Lemesh et al., 2006). SSR analysis is examined as the perspective direction for genetic identification of flax lines and cultivars (V.A. Lemesh et al., 2013), identifications of inter-and intraspecific genetic linkages (J. Vromans, 2006), possible linkages between molecular markers and economically important traits (V.A. Lemesh et al., 2012) and establishments of linkages groups between marker pairs (S. Cloutier, 2012). The directions of possible integration of traditional breeding methods and methods of molecular biology for creation of new flax cultivars with the set of the parameters of economically important traits are considered.
The article provides the results of the analysis of methods and instrument equipment for the assessment of quality parameters of retted flax straw and flax fiber. The traditional methods and equipment are presented. The devices developed for flax fiber quality testing used in the Russian Federation, the Republic of Belarus and Ukraine are described. Methods, equipment and modern technologies used to determine the quality of flax fiber in European countries, Canada and the United States are provided. The role of modern developments to improve the efficiency of flax production is noted. Promising methods and devices for determining the main quality indicators are identified. The use of the method of automated forecasting of technological value of fiber flax stalks makes it possible to conduct a comprehensive quality assessment based on morphological and anatomical analysis. Modern capabilities of electronic scanning microscopy provide the control of the chemical composition and structural elements of flax stems at various stages of growth and development, as well as during maceration. The use of infrared spectrometry provides high accuracy in determining humidity, strength, fiber content, and long fiber yield.However, along with high-precision equipment, there is the need for equipment and devices that allow determining the main technological indicators in the field with minimal labor, time and money costs. Research in this direction was previously carried out at the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Bast Crops Processing and in Kostroma State Technological University. However, the developments of the scientists were not tested in the production process and were not mass-produced. High speed and objective measurement methods will provide the accurate indicators during the process of maceration and primary processing of retted straw that will increase the technological value and competitiveness of flax fiber.
Relevance. The growing demand for flax seeds as a biologically active food component is explained by the rising interest to the healthy lifestyle. In this regard, the requirements for food safety of biologically active raw materials are increasing. Heat treatment of plant materials is an effective method for the eliminating of factors that reduce nutritional and biological value food components. Thermal treatment of flax seeds with infra-red irradiation (IR) is a promising direction for the stabilizing of seeds component composition. Short-term high-temperature treatment of raw materials under the influence of IR (micronization) increases the microbiological purity of raw materials. However, there is not enough information about how the biological value parameters changing. The aim of this study was to study the effect of the micronization process on the biological value of flax seeds.Results. Total protein content of tested flax seeds did not changed after applying of IR treatment. The increase in the content of crude oil in micronized flax seeds is explained by the conversion of phospholipids into extractable lipids. A comparative analysis of the protein complex of flax seeds before and after micronization showed a change in the ratio of protein fractions: the content of the water-soluble fraction (albumin) decreased in four-times, the content of glutens, an alkali-soluble fraction, increased significantly, the content of globulins slightly increased. Around 20% of proteins passed into an insoluble residue. The adequacy of the final results of the low temperature cold-pressing and the short-term high-temperature treatment with IR radiation in the ratio of protein fractions in flax seeds was shown. Changes in the ratio of protein fractions occurring during these technological operations are similar. It was concluded that under the influence of shortterm high-temperature IR-treatment the soft denaturation of the proteins is occurred. That effect of micronization on flax seed increases the protein digestibility
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