Introduction. Age is considered as an important clinical and pathological factor in cancer patients. Malignant tumors are more likely to develop in older people, but the disease is less aggressive than in young patients. According to various authors, the influence of age on the development of tumors largely depends on the age-related features of the immune system.The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship of indicators of systemic antitumor immune response with the age of patients with primary operable breast cancer and cancer of the oral mucosa.Materials and methods. The study included patients with all subtypes of primary-operable breast cancer (n = 145) and patients with cancer of the oral mucosa (n = 29). Immunophenotyping of peripheral blood lymphocytes was performed using a wide panel of monoclonal antibodies to markers of adaptive and innate immunity cells.Results. In elder patients (40 years and older) with primary-operable breast cancer, the percentage of activated CD25+ lymphocytes and CD4+CD25+ and CD3+CD4+ T cells, NKT cells, activated HLA-DR+ lymphocytes, including activated CD3+HLA-DR+ T cells before treatment, was statistically significantly higher than in patients younger than 40 years. Patients of this group showed increase of CD8+CD - 11b+CD28– CTLs and a decrease in the number of naive lymphocytes (CD4 – CD62L+ and CD8+CD11b – CD28+) in comparison with control percentage, and the downward trend in CD4+CD25+CD127– Treg, with increased numbers of CD4+CD25+ T cells. In patients with cancer of the oral mucosa, an increase in the number of cells of some populations of the immune effector link and a decrease in the number of suppressor lymphocytes were revealed with age.Conclusion. The results suggest that age-related differences in the state of systemic antitumor immune response contribute to a more favorable course of breast cancer and some other malignancies in older persons. It is obvious that the features of age differences in the immune response to the tumor should be taken into account when prescribing systemic therapy, including immunotherapy.All patients gave written informed consent to participate in the study

Oral mucositis is one of the most common effects of chemoradiotherapy in patients with oropharyngeal cancer. The development of oral mucositis is the main cause of interruption of antitumor therapy, which significantly affects the results of treatment of the main disease. Despite the fact that the disease is well studied in the literature, today there is no universal treatment and prevention protocol. The aim of this review is to analyze scientific publications devoted to the problems of etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of oral mucositis.

Introduction. Lymphomas are a heterogenic group of tumors of the lymphatic and hematopoietic systems, and in many cases tumor process develops in the area of the head and neck including skin and mucosa, orbit, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, oropharynx, salivary glands, thyroid, and cervical lymph nodes. Differential diagnosis of lymphomas of the head and neck is complicated because it can be accompanied by another non-tumor pathology. High heterogeneity of lymphomas of the head and neck requires structurization of knowledge on their epidemiological and clinical manifestations.The study objective is to optimize early diagnosis as it allows to significantly increase cancer alertness in local practitioners, oncologists, diagnosis specialists and, in turn, to decrease verification frequency in generalized disease processes. Study of clinical characteristics of lymphoproliferative disorders of the head and neck leads to increased quality of differential diagnosis.Materials and methods. A study of lymphoproliferative disorders affecting head and neck was performed. Study material consisted of data on 174 patients hospitalized at the N.N. Blokhin National medical Research Center of Oncology between 1999 and 2020.Results. Based on the current clinical and morphological classification of lymphoproliferative disorders, data on location of lesions, characteristic signs of extranodal lesions and cervical lymph nodes involvement, as well as methods of diagnosis of lymphomas of the head and neck, are presented.Conclusion. The obtained data helps solve problems of diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disorders affecting the head and neck and serve as a basis for successful, predictable treatment of lymphomas.

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The study objective is to evaluate the effect of periodontal microorganisms on development of squamous-cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa and the risk of its recurrence.Materials and methods. Microbiological study of biomaterials from 150 patients was performed. The study group included 100 patients with T3–T4 squamous-cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa and was subdivided into two subgroups with 50 patients in each. The control group included 50 patients.Results. Analysis of the results obtained in the subgroup of primary patients showed the following trends: in 2 (50 %) of 4 patients with Fusobacterium spp., recurrence of the main disease was observed as well as a case of distant metastasis into the bones. Among 35 patients with Prevotella spp. in the biomaterials, in 16 (45.7 %) recurrence of the tumor was observed. Among 10 patients with Veillonella spp., recurrence was observed in 20 %. The most common aerobic microorganism was Streptococcus spр. Among patients who underwent treatment at the N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, recurrence was diagnosed in 28.5 %, distant metastases in 4.7 %. In the subgroup of repeat patients, the following trends were observed: among 27 patients with Fusobacterium spp., recurrence of the main disease was observed in 63 %. Among 26 patients with Prevotella spp. in the biomaterial, in 11 (42.3 %) local recurrence was observed. Among 24 patients with Veillonella spp., recurrence developed in 33.3 %. The most common aerobic microorganism was Streptococcus spр., recurrences developed in 21 % of cases.

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Хирургическое лечение выполнялось в виде удаления рецидивной опухоли, резекции органа и пластики дефекта местными тканями, расширенно-комбинированных операций или крио-и лазерной деструкции. Выводы. Методом выбора при лечении рецидивных опухолей рака орофарингеальной области является хирургический в виде расширенных комбинированных операций с вариантом замещения дефекта тканей кожно-мышечным лоскутом с включением большой грудной мышцы.

Введение. У 70-80 % больных с местно-распространенными опухолями орофарингеальной области возможности излечения с помощью хирургических методов ограниченны. Тотальное удаление языка, удаление корня языка ведет к тяжелой стойкой инвалидизации пациентов. У таких пациентов нарушены или полностью отсутствуют функции глотания, речи. Перечисленные проблемы побудили нас разработать новый способ хирургического лечения данного заболевания. Цель исследования-представить новый способ хирургического лечения местно-распространенного рака корня языка. Материалы и методы. В отделении опухолей верхних дыхательных и пищеварительных путей ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н. Н. Блохина» Минздрава России у 5 больных с тотальным поражением языка проведена глоссэктомия с сохранением функций глотания и речи. Результаты. Основное преимущество предлагаемого способа заключается в том, что выкраиваемый мышечный лоскут имеет различную иннервацию из разных черепных нервов, участвующих в норме в глотании, поэтому происходит не просто механическое движение надгортанника, но и контроль глотания центральной нервной системой. Сокращение травматичности и времени операции обусловлено тем, что для сохранения глотания и речи используются ткани, непосредственно контактирующие с дефектом. Предлагаемый мышечный лоскут имеет различные источники кровоснабжения, что улучшает его питание и снижает риск осложнений, и заживление происходит в более короткие сроки по сравнению с прототипом. Все вышеперечисленное сокращает время пребывания в стационаре в среднем на 7-9 дней. Выводы. Применение разработанного нами нового способа хирургического лечения местно-распространенного рака корня позволяет провести раннюю реабилитацию, пациенты могут свободно дышать, глотать, общаться. Они не нуждаются в постоянной трахеостоме, гастростоме, социально реабилитированы.