This review focuses on spinal and central mechanisms of fatigue associated with the implementation of adaptation programs. The morpho-functional correlations of the moto-neurons activity of the spinal cord, the activities of the functional systems of the human body, neurotransmitter systems, serotonergic, dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems in the mechanisms of fatigue were considered. The phases of the process of adaptation to physical loads as well as cumulative training effect were identified. The authors have identified and described the participation of the autonomic nervous system, glucocorticoids and other hormones and mediators in long-term adaptation to physical loads, in the transition from carbohydrate to fat type of energy metabolism. The stages of disadaptation and re-adaptation to physical activities (a manifestation of stress, rate adaptation, cybernetic principles of homeostasis) have been identified and described. The two-circuit system homeostasis: the autonomic (controlling) and myocardial-hemodynamic (controlled) was demonstrated and an hierarchy of control has been defined.
The review highlights the issues of classification of sports, their detailed description, based on available information about the functioning of organs and systems of the human body during sports activities. Features training and competitive loads on their nature and intensity, as well as the features of the actual load and the perfect plan of the theoretical model were identified. Aerobic, anaerobic and mixed load, lactate threshold, oxygen debt, and energy consumption were identified and characterized. The rest activities (active, passive and combined) as well as the typology of rest were described. The authors found a relationship between fatigue and rest with the nature of the adaptation processes.
Reference principle of electropuncture diagnostics is based on prior determining the individual testing voltage using the “reference” point with subsequent measurement of the currents in the acupuncture points. This approach improves the accuracy of estimation of functional states in comparison with other methods of electropuncture diagnostics and provides the necessary personalization of diagnostic procedures. Based on analyzing and summarizing the experience of the clinical use of electropuncture diagnostics ʺBioreperʺ, its new features are revealed. It is found that the magnitude of testing voltage in a reference point is a non‐specific indicator of the level of health and the degree of distress the body. It is shown that the measurement of testing voltage in the reference point allows to monitoring the functional status of patients, to identifying the severity of pathological changes in the body and to assessing their dynamics during treatment and rehabilitation. The close correlation between the magnitude of testing voltage and the severity of pathogenesis reactions of cardiovascular disease, broncho‐pulmonary, digestive and musculoskeletal systems was revealed. This phenomenon has been confirmed in animal studies (dogs) with the pathology of the stomach, pancreas and gall bladder. It is also found a direct correlation between the magnitude of testing voltage in the reference point and the severity of pain.
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