Abstract. The research results are devoted to assessing the effectiveness of cultivating winter wheat on various taxonomic elements (taxa) of the agrolandscape: the outskirts of the plakor (A1), the root slope of the SE exposure (A2), the lower part of the root slope (A4), the root slope of the SV exposure (A4) using the stubble system backgrounds, including three options: stubble (control); leaving stubble and plant residues; removal of stubble and plant residues in the zone of unstable moistening of the Central Ciscaucasia. Soils of taxa of light-loamy granulometric composition, range of agrochemical parameters: humus 2.65–3.85%; P2O5 15.7–21.1 mg/kg; K2O 127.5–189.8 mg/kg. The method of dimensions determined the possibility, according to the humidity and the presence of plant residues, to predict the relative biological activity of the soil, taking into account the adaptation coefficient C, obtained experimentally for a specific type of soil. Over the years of research, the amount of precipitation of the early spring period (March) averaged 58 mm, and of the late spring period (May) 126 mm. Statistical processing of experimental data on the biological activity of the soil, according to the degree of decomposition of flax linen at different levels of moisture, showed the greatest biological activity in the lower part of the root slope (A3) – 35 %. Established a significant increase in the yield of winter wheat on the facial elements A2, A3 and A4 in comparison with the poster (A1), amounting to 4.2; 14.3 and 5.5 c/ha, respectively, with the highest yield observed in the lower part of the root slope (A3) – 33.3 c/ha. Stubble backgrounds are not a significant factor in the formation of a crop of winter wheat, the yield on stubble backgrounds is 24.8–25.2 c/ha.
Изменение численности эколого-трофических групп микроорганизмов в разных технологиях возделывания озимой пшеницы РЕЗЮМЕАктуальность и методика. Протекающие в почве процессы микробиологического превращения вещества тесно связаны с продуктивностью сельскохозяйственных культур, влияя на рост и питание растений. Приведены данные по численности почвенных дрожжей и микроорганизмов, трансформирующих соединения азота в зависимости от технологии возделывания озимой пшеницы. Численность микроорганизмов, трансформирующих соединения азота, выше в технологии без обработки почвы (no-till).Результаты. Установлено, что внесение аммиачной селитры N 52 приводит к существенному увеличению численности микроорганизмов в технологии с мелкой обработкой почвы (от 28,5 до 31,3•10 5 КОЕ/г АСП). На вариантах с внесением минеральных удобрений численность микроорганизмов увеличивалась на всех технологиях возделывания озимой пшеницы. Наибольшая численность микроорганизмов отмечена на вариантах с внесением полного минерального удобрения, в среднем по годам исследования и технологиям возделывания она составила для микроорганизмов, трансформирующих соединения азота, -154,2•10 5 КОЕ/г АСП и для почвенных дрожжей -44,9•10 3 КОЕ/г АСП. За период исследований отзывчивость озимой пшеницы на удобрения была очень высокой. Максимальная урожайность культуры достигнута на варианте с внесением N 52 P 52 K 52 -5,32-7,02 т/га. Применение минеральных удобрений способствовало созданию благоприятных условий для развития почвенной микрофлоры, что оказало положительное влияние на урожайность озимой пшеницы. Change in the number of ecological-trophic groups of microorganisms in different technologies of winter wheat cultivation ABSTRACTRelevance and methods. The processes of microbiological transformation of substances in soil are closely related to the productivity of crops, affecting the growth and nutrition of plants. Data are given on the number of soil yeast and microorganisms transforming nitrogen compounds depending on the technology of winter wheat cultivation. The number of microorganisms transforming nitrogen compounds is higher in the technology without soil treatment (no-till).Results. It was established that the introduction of ammonium nitrate N 52 leads to a significant increase in the number of microorganisms in technology with fine soil treatment (from 28.5 to 31.3•10 5 colonies forming units per gram of absolutely dry soil). In versions with the introduction of mineral fertilizers, the number of microorganisms increased on all technologies for cultivating winter wheat. The largest number of microorganisms was noted on versions with the introduction of complete mineral fertilizer, on average by the years of study and cultivation technologies, it was for microorganisms that transform nitrogen compounds -154.2•10 5 colonies forming units per gram of absolutely dry soil and for soil yeast -44.9•10 3 colonies forming units per gram of absolutely dry soil. During the period of research, the responsiveness of winter wheat to fertilizers was very high. M...
There have been presented the study results of the experiment of the Geographical Network of Experiments with fertilizers, established in 1975 on ordinary chernozem under conditions of unstable moisture in the Stavropol Territory. The purpose of the current study was to reveal the influence of the aftereffect of the long-term use of mineral fertilizers on the agrochemical properties of soil, productivity, and quality of sorghum grain, depending on the weather conditions of the year. There has been established that, after 30 years of action and 14 years of aftereffect of the use of phosphorus fertilizers in doses of 60–180 kg/ha of a.i. the content of residual phosphorus in the soil layer of 0–20 cm before sowing sorghum varied from 25 to 55 mg/kg. The crop productivity was closely dependent on weather conditions and the agrochemical condition of the soil. In arid conditions in 2020, the largest grain productivity (2.5–3.16 t/ha) was obtained in areas of phosphorus fertilizer’s aftereffect with a high content of P2O5 in soil (more than 30 mg/kg). In the wet year, the largest productivity (5.10–5.64 t/ha) were obtained in nitrogen fertilizers’ aftereffect against the background of low phosphates availability (12–16 mg/kg). In different weather conditions, the maximum level of sorghum productivity was obtained in the aftereffect of complete mineral fertilizer or with a balanced nutrient regime of the soil, in 2020 it was 3.81–4.96 t/ha and in 2022 it was 5.4–6.14 t/ha. Sorghum grain quality was also determined by the weather and soil properties. Grain with the highest crude protein percentage (9.9–13.6 %) was obtained in a dry year after the effect of nitrogen fertilizer. In both years of the study, the products obtained after the application of high doses of one phosphorus fertilizer (120–180 kg/ha a.i.) had the least nutritional value. The crude protein percentage in grain did not exceed 2.2–7.8 %. To stabilize productivity and increase the nutritional value of sorghum, it is necessary, first of all, to optimize the nitrogen nutrition of plants, especially in conditions of good moisture supply.
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