Abstract-Behavioral mechanisms regulating the competitive relations between the red wood ant Formica aquilonia and the ground beetles Carabus regalis, Pterostichus melanarius, P. magus, P. oblongopunctatus, Harpalus smaragdinus, and Amara nitida were studied by artificially initiated collisions between living insects as well as with the use of imitation models. Members of different functional groups within an ant family (aphid-milkers, hunters, and guards) behaved differently towards beetles. Active ants were shown to respond selectively to different features of the possible competitors, such as coloration, the presence of "appendages" (legs, antennae), body symmetry, rate of movement, and scent. Field and laboratory experiments demonstrated the ability of beetles to avoid collisions with active ants. The scent of anthill material attracted ground beetles, which consumed dead ants. The gained individual experience may allow the beetles to use supplementary forage resources in the territories controlled by ants. The flexible tactical patterns facilitate spatial segregation of ground beetles and ants in the same territory and result in a more complete utilization of food resources.
The role of emotion in moral decision-making is still a matter of debate. Greene, Sommerville, Nystrom, Darley, and Cohen (2001) argue that 'personal' moral judgments are driven by emotional responses, while 'impersonal' judgments are largely driven by cognitive processes. In this study, oscillatory correlates of decision-making were compared in moral personal, moral impersonal, and nonmoral conditions, as well as in trials associated with utilitarian (i.e., favoring the 'greater good' over individual rights) and non-utilitarian choices. Event-related synchronization in delta and theta bands was greater in the right temporal lobe in personal than in both nonmoral and impersonal moral condition. Graph-theoretical analysis of connectivity patterns showed the prominent role of the orbitofrontal and cingulate cortices in personal moral decision-making, implying greater emotional and self-processing. Higher conscientiousness and intellect and lower behavioral activation were associated with greater difference in oscillatory responses between utilitarian and non-utilitarian choices in personal than in impersonal condition, indicating that sensitivity to moral issues and the ability to grasp the nuances of moral situation are essential for understanding the implications of utilitarian choices in personal and impersonal conditions.
Особенности применения русскоязычной версии пятифакторного опросника осознанностиИсследование посвящено изучению психометрических свойств русскоязычной версии опросника FFMQ, проверке пригодности пятифакторной модели для использования на российской выборке. Показаны хорошие психометрические свойства русскоязычной версии пятифакторного опросника осознанности: конвергентная валидность, внутренняя согласованность шкал. По данным конфирматорного факторного анализа, четырехфакторная иерархическая модель более правдоподобна. Шкала «наблюдение» измеряет как осознанную внимательность, так и сосредоточенность, в том числе на негативных впечатлениях, связанную со снижением благополучия. При измерении общего уровня осознанности необходим отдельный анализ данной шкалы. Ключевые слова: осознанность; внимательность и осведомленность; наблюдение; принятие; психологическое благополучие; пятифакторный опросник осознанности; психодиагностика; конфирматорный факторный анализ. Сведения об авторах: ГОЛУБЕВ Андрей Михайлович, ведущий психолог, старший преподаватель кафедры психологии личности Новосибирского государственного университета (Новосибирск, Россия).
Abstract:One of the most fascinating problems in comparative psychology is how learning contributes to solving specific functional problems in animal life, and which forms of learning our species shares with non-human animals. Simulating a natural situation of territorial conflicts between predatory carabids and red wood ants in field and laboratory experiments, we have revealed a relatively simple and quite natural form of learning that has been overlooked. We call it catalog learning, the name we give to the ability of animals to establish associations between stimuli and coherent behavioral patterns (patterns consist of elementary motor acts that have a fixed order). Instead of budgeting their motor acts gradually, from chaotic to rational sequences in order to learn something new, which is characteristic for a conditioning response, animals seem to be "cataloguing" their repertoire of innate coherent behavioral patterns in order to optimize their response to a certain repetitive event. This form of learning can be described as "stimulus-pattern" learning. In our experiments four "wild" carabid species, whose cognitive abilities have never been studied before, modified their behavior in a rather natural manner in order to avoid damage from aggressive ants. Beetles learned to select the relevant coherent behavioral patterns from the set of seven patterns, which are common to all four species and apparently innate. We suggest that this form of learning differs from the known forms of associative learning, and speculate that it is quite universal and can be present in a wide variety of species, both invertebrate and vertebrate. This study suggests a new link between the concepts of cognition and innateness.
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