Deposition is modeled as a first order reaction on the Darcy scale for porous media which are statistically homogeneous. An elementary analytical solution is derived. A parametric study was done with a three-dimensional code which is briefly described and checked in media where the solution is known. The role of the parameters, including the artificial ones, is discussed with an illustrative example. When the Damköhler number is small, deposition causes smooth changes to the porosity field; the evolution of porosity is well described by the analytical solution. Very different results are obtained for large Damköhler numbers. The influence of the correlation of the initial porosity field is studied.
In the North Pacific, fish-eating R-type "resident" and mammal-eating T-type "transient" killer whales do not interbreed and differ in ecology and behavior. Full-length mitochondrial genomes (about 16.4 kbp) were sequenced and assembled for 12 R-type and 14 T-type killer whale samples from different areas of the western North Pacific. All R-type individuals had the same haplotype, previously described for R-type killer whales from both eastern and western North Pacific. However, haplotype diversity of R-type killer whales was much lower in the western North Pacific than in the Aleutian Islands and the eastern North Pacific. T-type whales had 3 different haplotypes, including one previously undescribed. Haplotype diversity of T-type killer whales in the Okhotsk Sea was also much lower than in the Aleutian Islands and the eastern North Pacific. The highest haplotype diversity for both R- and T-type killer whales was observed in the Aleutian Islands. We discuss how the environmental conditions during the last glacial period might have shaped the history of killer whale populations in the North Pacific. Our results suggest the recent colonization or re-colonization of the western North Pacific by small groups of killer whales originating from the central or eastern North Pacific, possibly due to favorable environmental changes after the Last Glacial Maximum.
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