The composition and the structure of microbial communities in areas of Arctic settlements were studied. The main attention has been given to microscopic fungi. As result of observation of 5 Arctic regions 117 species of microscopic fungi are revealed in soils and anthropogenic substrates. The identification was carried out with the use ofmycological and molecular genetic methods. Most ofspecies belong to the Ascomycotina. Genus Penicillium is characterized by the most species diversity (24 species). Most offungi are destructors of various materials and potential human pathogens. Dominant species are revealed. The distribution of microorganisms in the living and working areas of polar stations, as well as the adjacent areas are described. Black-colored fungi adapted to unfavorable environment are often the dominated group of microorganisms on soils and anthropogenic substrates. The shaping of soil microbiota was shown to be related to the anthropogenic impact. Considerable similarity of microbial communities composition in the soil and man-made substrates is fixed. As result of mycological analysis of contaminated soils 76 species of microscopic fungi were observed, but 41 species of them (53.9%) were identified in the areas of Arctic polar stations on the man-made materials. These species include the representatives of the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Exophiala, Geomyces, Humicola, Penicillium, Mucor, Phoma, Rhodotorula, Trichoderma and Ulocladium. The obtained data show a significant similarity in species composition of contaminated soils and anthropogenic substrates. Human activity contributes to the distribution of cosmopolitan species, including opportunistic fungi, in the Arctic region. The high numbers of organotrophic bacteria were revealed in soil samples. Some species of microorganisms produce the organic acids in an external environment that promotes the erosion of materials.
Изучен состав микроскопических грибов на поверхности листьев древесных и кустарниковых растений в центре и пригородах Санкт-Петербурга. Выявлено 30 видов грибов и стерильные формы светлого и темного мицелия. Показано, что на листьях постоянно обитают микромицеты, формирующие сообщества определенной структуры. Основу таких сообществ составляют темноокрашенные анаморфные микроскопические грибы всего нескольких видов. Они формируют гифы и микроколонии, распределение которых может быть связано со структурными особенностями листьев. Микромицеты филлопланы проявляют антагонистические отношения с возбудителями мучнистой росы, которые также развиваются на поверхности листьев. Состав микобиоты филлопланы зависит как от территориального расположения насаждений, так и от состава растений. Показано, что филлофильные биопленки ассоциируются с пылевыми частицами различной формы и размеров, что приводит к формированию органоминеральных наслоений на поверхности листьев. В формирующихся биокосных системах могут развиваться процессы кристаллизации и минералообразования. В целом, особенности формирования микобиоты филлопланы, во многом определяются экологической ситуацией на конкретных территориях.
Mitigation of risks becomes one of the key problematic areas of national oil and gas companies in case of low energy prices, prolongation of sanctions regarding Russia and development of alternative energy sources. The study is devoted to development of approach to quantitative assessment of country risk as a tool of oil and gas international projects selection.
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