Background: There has been a negative trend in the effectiveness of classic eradication therapy regimens for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), which has largely been determined from the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. Several studies have shown that adding rebamipide to eradication regimens leads to an increase in the effectiveness of treatment. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of including rebamipide in the eradication regimens for H. pylori infection. Methods: The literature search was conducted in the MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register, Korean Medical Citation Index, and Russian Science Citation Index databases. All identified randomized controlled trials comparing rebamipide supplementation with non-rebamipide-containing eradication regimens for the treatment of H. pylori infection were included in the final analysis. Results: We identified 11 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 1227 patients (631 in groups with rebamipide and 596 in groups without rebamipide). The meta-analysis showed that the addition of rebamipide to eradication regimens significantly increased the effectiveness of treatment (odds ratio (OR) 1.753, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.312–2.333, p < 0.001). The subgroup analysis demonstrated that rebamipide significantly increased the effectiveness of eradication when added to a dual therapy regimen (OR 1.766, 95% CI: 1.167–2.495, p = 0.006); however, no significant improvement in effectiveness was observed when it was added to the triple therapy regimen (OR 1.638, 95% CI 0.833–3.219, p = 0.152). Conclusion: This meta-analysis demonstrated that the addition of rebamipide to H. pylori eradication regimens significantly increases the effectiveness of treatment.

A steady decline in the effectiveness of standard eradication therapy (ET) regimens for Helicobacter pylori infection necessitates a search for ways of their optimization, by enhancing the efficiency of treatment protocols and by improving their safety and tolerability. The review systematizes the data available in the literature on main accessible methods for optimizing ET regimens. Among the optimization methods that can considerably enhance the efficiency of ET regimens, one may identify their addition of a bismuth agent (by 10—20%), the use of rebamipide (by 11.9%), adjuvant therapy with probiotics (by 8.1—13%), or double-dose proton pump inhibitors (by 8%). Only adjuvant therapy with probiotics results in a significant decrease in the incidence of side effects from ET. In posteradication period, rebamipide should be used to potentiate gastric mucosal repair and to regress inflammatory processes.

Aim.This paper presents guidelines on the diagnostics and treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis, which can be used by practitioners in their everyday practice.Summary.Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic immune-mediated disease of the esophagus characterized by the symptoms of esophageal dysfunction and a pronounced eosinophilic infiltration of the esophageal mucosa. The EoE diagnostics is based on the clinical manifestations of the disease (dysphagia, food impaction, chest pain regardless of swallowing), as well as on the combination of endoscopic and histological signs. The diagnostic criterion is the eosinophilic infiltration of the esophageal mucosa with an eosinophil density of ≥ 15 per high power field (×400) in at least one of the biopsy specimens (about 60 eosinophils in 1 mm2). Total IgE levels, peripheral blood eosinophilia and skin allergy tests are considered to be additional diagnostic means. Several approaches are used for the treatment of EoE, including proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and topical glucocorticosteroids (GCS), as well as elimination diets. The choice of therapy should be individualized, with the mandatory assessment of the treatment efficacy after 6–12 weeks using esophagogastroduodenoscopy with biopsy sampling. Endoscopic dilatation should be considered in patients suffering from severe dysphagia due to esophagus stricture.Conclusion.Increased incidence of EoE predominantly among children and young people, as well as its chronic character requiring long-term maintenance therapy, make EoE a significant issue to the practice of gastroenterology.

It is appropriate to prescribe a sequential ET regimen as more effective and safe for patients with concomitant CHC during therapy for H. pylori infection-associated diseases. LF increases the risk of adverse events during ET.

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Purpose of the study. To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the use of rebamipide as part of the triple eradication therapy (ET) scheme of Helicobacter pylori infection. Materials and methods. A prospective, randomized comparative study included 94 patients with uncomplicated H. pylori-associated stomach / duodenal ulcer. In the process of randomization, patients are divided into three groups depending on the intended therapy. The first group (n=36) received a classical triple scheme of the first-line ET (omeprazole 20 mg twice a day, amoxicillin 1000 mg twice a day, clarithromycin 500 mg twice a day) for 10 days. Patients of the second group (n=33) were assigned a classical triple scheme of ET with the inclusion of rebamipide (omeprazole 20 mg twice a day, amoxicillin 1000 mg twice a day, clarithromycin 500 mg twice a day, rebamipide 100 mg 3 times a day day) for 10 days. Patients of the third group (n=25) were assigned a classical triple scheme of ET with the inclusion of rebamipide (omeprazole 20 mg twice a day, amoxicillin 1000 mg twice a day, clarithromycin 500 mg twice a day, rebamipide 100 mg 3 times a day) in for 10 days, with the prolongation of the administration of rebamipide for the next 20 days. The effectiveness of ET was determined by the respiratory test after 6 weeks after the end of treatment. Adverse events were recorded by patients in specially developed diaries. All patients with gastric ulcer at the 6th week underwent a histological examination of the biopsy specimens of the antrum and the body of the stomach, assessing the inflammatory activity of the process on a point system in accordance with the updated Sydney system. Results and discussion. Efficiency of H. pylori eradication in the first group was 77.7% (ITT), 82.3% (PP), in the second group - 81.8% (ITT), 84.4% (PP), and in the third group - 84% (ITT), 87.5% (PP). The use of rebamipide in the triple ET regimen was associated with an increase in H. pylori eradication efficiency, both with simultaneous use with the scheme [odds ratio (OR) 1.16; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.32-4.24], and with subsequent prolonged admission (OR 1.5, 95% CI 0.34-6.7). A somewhat more pronounced dynamics of the epithelization of erosive and ulcerative changes in the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum to the 21st and 28th days in the third group of patients was noted. The incidence of adverse events between the groups was comparable: 22.2% in the first group, 24.2% in the second group and 20% in the third group. In the pathomorphological evaluation of biopsy specimens of patients with gastric ulcer at the 6th week after the treatment, significant differences were revealed between the first and third groups in terms of the inflammatory activity in the antrum stomach (2±0.63 vs. 1.4±0.52; p=0,0399). The conclusion. The inclusion of rebamipide in the classical triple scheme of H. pylori ET increases the effectiveness of treatment and does not affect the safety profile. In the post-eradication period, it is advisable to continue the use of rebamipide to potentiate the repair of the gastric mucosa and regress the inflammatory processes.

РезюмеНа настоящий момент механизмы этиопатогенеза функциональных заболеваний ЖКТ продолжают активно изучаться. К настоящему времени в целом ряде исследований у пациентов с синдромом раздраженного кишечника и функциональной диспепсией была выявлена альтерация компонентов плотных контактов эпителиальных клеток слизистой оболочки кишечника, поддерживающих целостность кишечного барьера. Так, у пациентов с СРК при сравнении со здоровыми лицами характерными изменениями являются снижение экспрессии белка ZO-1 и окклюдина в биоптатах слизистой различных отделов толстой кишки. В свою очередь, у пациентов с ФД отмечаются аналогичные изменения при оценке биоптатов слизистой оболочки двенадцатиперстной кишки. Каузативный фактор этих изменений продолжает изучаться. Действительно, экспериментальные и клинические исследования, проведенные к настоящему времени, продемонстрировали, что имеется целый ряд факторов, негативно влияющих на структурно-функциональную стабильность плотных контактов кишечника. Вне зависимости от инициирующего фактора компрометация плотных контактов приводит к проницаемости слизистой оболочки кишечника и поступлению различных внутрипросветных факторов в собственную пластинку слизистой, способствуя активации резидентных иммунокомпетентных клеток. Последние, вырабатывая ряд цитокинов и других биологически активных веществ, приводят к сенситизации нервных окончаний, индуцируя тем самым возникновение феномена висцеральной гиперчувствительности и альтерацию моторной функции ЖКТ. В литературе феномен активации локального воспалительного ответа у пациентов с функциональными заболеваниями ЖКТ описан термином «low-grade inflammation» (низкоактивное воспаление). Эти данные актуализируют необходимость рассматривать в качестве терапевтической мишени восстановление барьерной функции слизистой оболочки кишки у пациентов с рассматриваемыми заболеваниями. В настоящей обзорной статье систематизированы данные по этой проблеме.Ключевые слова: функциональные заболевания ЖКТ, функциональная диспепсия, синдром раздраженного кишечника, кишечная проницаемость, кишечный барьер, плотные контакты Для цитирования: Андреев Д.Н., Дичева Д.Т. Нарушение проницаемости слизистой оболочки кишечника как фактор этиопатогенеза функциональных заболеваний желудочно-кишечного тракта.

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