В в е д е н и е. Первичный гиперпаратиреоз (ПГПТ) занимает 3-е место по распространенности в структуре эндокринной патологии после сахарного диабета и заболеваний щитовидной железы (ЩЖ) [1]. В последние десятилетия в развитых странах отмечается неуклонный рост заболеваемости ПГПТ, что связано с включением определения уровня кальция сыворотки в общетерапевтический анализ крови [2]. Однако в России большинство пациентов с данным заболеванием попадают к эндокринологу и эндокринному хирургу спустя годы от его начала в связи с отсутствием налаженной системы диспансеризации, отсутствием мультидисциплинарного подхода и низкой осведомленностью специалистов различных профилей и пациентов о проблеме ПГПТ [3]. В 70-75 % случаев имеет
Objective. To reflect new information on the typical anatomy of the neck in brief notes for endocrine surgeons from the classical positions and research methods of the school of Academician V.N. Shevkunenko. Materials and methods. The design of the study (from 1994 to the present day) consisted of three main directions. While developing an optimal technique of cervical somatometry, 775 healthy individuals (300/38.7 % men, 475/61.3 % women) were examined. The topographo-anatomical block 426 unfixed corpses of persons who died suddenly (290/68 % men, 136/32 % women). Section, dissection, plastination, morphometry, anthropometry, standard histological technique were used. The clinical part of the study included 214 patients (28/13.1 % men, 186/86.9 % women). Results. The article presents the data of analysis and systematization of accumulated data on the typical anatomy of the neck in the form of a brief abstract for operating surgeons from the classical positions of topographic anatomists of Voronezh and St. Petersburg schools of Academician V.N. Shevkunenko. Conclusions. The revealed new typical features of the shape, sizes, structure and position of the thyroid gland (presence or absence of the pyramidal lobe, retrothyroid processes, Zuckerkandl's tubercle), its blood supply, basic and additional guidelines for the search and visualization of the parathyroid glands and recurrent laryngeal nerve during surgery and preoperative diagnosis, the concept of high-risk areas of surgical actions, the features of the bilateral symmetrical and/or asymmetric arrangement and structure of the anatomical formations of the neck can be used during the surgery, widely introduced into the educational process of students, residents, postgraduate courses and for improving the skills of endocrine surgeons during master classes.
Кафедра и клиника факультетской хирургии им. С. П. Фёдорова (зав. -акад. РАН проф. Н. А. Майстренко), ФГБВОУ ВО «Военно-медицинская академия им. С. М. Кирова» МО РФ, Санкт-Петербург ЦЕЛЬ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. Определить критерии отбора больных хирургическими заболеваниями щитовидной железы (ЩЖ) для обоснованного выполнения оптимальных минимально-инвазивных оперативных вмешательств. МАТЕРИАЛ И МЕТОДЫ. Проанализированы результаты лечения 322 пациентов с хирургическими заболеваниями ЩЖ, которые были прооперированы с применением традиционного и различных малоинвазивных доступов. РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ. Установлено, что основными критериями, обусловливающими выбор рационального минимально-инвазивного вмешательства, являются: размер узловых образований и объём ЩЖ; аутоиммунное воспаление тиреоидной ткани на фоне узлового токсического и диффузного токсического зоба; загрудинное расположение зоба; необходимость выполнения центральной лимфодиссекции при метастатическом поражении лимфатических узлов. ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ. Применение установленных критериев на основе комплексного использования современных диагностических методик у больных с хирургическими заболеваниями ЩЖ позволяет обосновать выбор оптимальных минимально-инвазивных оперативных вмешательств, избежать неоправданных операций и улучшить результаты лечения. Substantiation of minimally invasive surgeries on thyroid glandDepartment and clinic of faculty surgery named after S. P. Fyodorov, S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, St. Petersburg OBJECTIVE. The authors determined criteria for reasonable selection of patients for application of optimal minimally invasive interventions in cases of thyroid gland diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The treatment results of 322 patients with thyroid gland diseases were analyzed. There were used a conventional method and variety of minimally invasive methods. RESULTS. It was stated that the main criteria that verified a choice of optimal minimally invasive surgery were the nodule size and thyroid gland volume, autoimmune inflammation of thyroid tissues against a background of toxic and diffuse toxic goiter, retrosternal goiter position and necessity of central lymphodissection in case of metastatic thyroid gland. CONCLUSIONS. The authors applied the determined criteria based on modern diagnostic methods in patients with surgical thyroid gland diseases. This study allowed doctors to justify the choice of optimal minimally invasive surgeries and avoid unreasonable operations, improve treatment results.
Purpose of the study: to evaluate the role of the main instrumental methods of diagnostics and to determine the criteria for selecting patients with surgical diseases of the thyroid gland (TG) for the reasonable implementation of optimal minimally invasive surgical interventions. Materials and methods: the results of the examination and treatment of 340 patients with surgical diseases of the TG, who underwent variety of minimally invasive techniques were analyzed. Results: we compared the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values of the multiparametric neck ultrasonography, 99mTc-MIBI scintigraphy TG and fine-needle cytology. Minimally invasive video-assisted procedure was performed in 29,4% patients, nonendoscopic - in 38,2%, endoscopic - in 32,4%. Postoperative specific complications were revealed in 4,4% who underwent surgery: transitory recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy - in 1,5%, transient hypoparathyroidism - in 1,6%, hematoma - in 0,8%. It was stated that the main criteria that determine the rationale for minimally invasive interventions on the TG are: the nodule size and the TG volume; hyperfunctioning thyroid and clinical thyroiditis; substernal extension; extrathyroid extension and the necessity of implementation of central neck dissection due to central and laterocervical lymph node metastases. Conclusion: the application of the determined criteria based on the integrated use of modern diagnostic techniques for patients with surgical diseases of the TG can justify the selection of optimal minimally invasive surgical interventions, avoid unreasonable operations, to avoid increasing of the frequency of specific complications, reduces surgical trauma and duration of stay in hospital, improves cosmetic outcome and enhances the quality of life of the patients.
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