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Принципы экологии 2019. № 3 Гаврилко Д. Е., Золотарева Т. В., Шурганова Г. В. Видовая структура сообществ зоопланктона зарослей высших водных растений малой реки (на примере р. Сережа Нижегородской области) // Принципы экологии. 2019. № 3. С. 24-39 ВидоВая структура сообщестВ зоопланктона зарослей Высших Водных растений малой реки (на примере р. сережа нижегородской области) УДК 574.583 Ключевые слова: сообщества зоопланктона видовая структура макрофиты анализ избыточности малая река Нижегородская область Аннотация: Малые реки обладают большим биотопическим разнообразием за счет развития разнотипных зарослей высшей водной растительности в прибрежье. Зоопланктоценозы малых рек изучены слабее, чем озер. В связи с этим актуальным является изучение видовой структуры сообществ зоопланктона в зарослях макрофитов малых рек. В работе дана характеристика видовой структуры и количественного развития сообществ зоопланктона медиальной зоны и зарослей высшей водной растительности малой реки Сережа Нижегородской области. На основе иерархической кластеризации в медиальной зоне реки выделены два сообщества зоопланктона-речного участка и переходного участка. Показаны отличия видовой структуры сообществ зоопланктона разнотипных зарослей макрофитов и медиальной зоны реки. Установлено, что в зарослях высшей водной растительности формируется высокое видовое богатство и количественное развитие сообществ зоопланктона. В разнотипных по морфологическому строению зарослях макрофитов установлены различия в количественном развитии и соотношении таксономических групп зоопланктона по численности и биомассе. Показано, что наибольшее влияние на зарослевый зоопланктон оказывает архитектоника макрофита и густота зарослей. В густых зарослях погруженных растений отмечены максимальные значения численности и биомассы зоопланктона. По результатам анализа избыточности показано влияние абиотических и биотических факторов среды на видовую структуру сообществ зоопланктона медиали и рипали реки. В медиальной зоне реки значительное влияние на видовую структуру сообществ зоопланктона оказывали скорость течения и рН воды, в прибрежье-проективное покрытие растений. © Петрозаводский государственный университет Получена: 21 марта 2019 года Подписана к печати: 01 октября 2019 года гаВрилко дмитрий евгеньевич ФГАОУ ВО "Национальный исследовательский Нижегородский государственный университет им. Н.И. Лобачевского",

Information on the functional traits of the most widespread species of freshwater zooplankton (Rotifera, Cladocera, and Copepoda) in European Russia was collected and analyzed. Our database includes 355 species described by 4 traits, namely: maximum body length, trophic group, feeding type, and movement type. Cluster analysis based on Gower's functional distances shows that freshwater zooplankton can be classified into 19 groups with different ecological roles. The characteristics of each identified functional group are presented. We believe it to be fundamentally important to build a unified classification using all available data and applicable characters for all three main taxonomic groups of zooplankton. Comparison with the existing ecological zooplankton classification proposed by Yu. S. Chuikov has demonstrated a number of advantages of our approach. Several ecological groups in Yu. S. Chuikov’s classification are represented by more fractional categories in our classification. Our system of functional groups can be used in studies of the structure of zooplanktocoenoses based on direct cluster analysis and ordination or based on functional distances between samples. To calculate the functional similarity between species, one can use our database of features, which is contained in the Appendix. Analysis based on functional groups gives a better unerstanding of the structure of a community than traditional ordination, which takes into account only the taxonomic affiliation of species. The approach used for functional group identification can be useful in assessing functional diversity and identifying patterns of freshwater zooplanktocoenoses dynamics. The database of functional signs of zooplankton can be used to check the relationship of functional signs with environmental factors.

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This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 LicenseModern methodological approaches were applied to analyze the zooplankton community spatial distribution (with the example of the middle river part of the Cheboksary Reservoir). Zooplankton communities were sampled in the middle river part of the Cheboksary Reservoir (from the city of Nizhny Novgorod to Vasilsursk town) in the summer low-water period in 2018. The boundaries between the communities in the Cheboksary Reservoir were gradually changing during the history of the Cheboksary Reservoir from the time of its construction to present. In the middle river part of the Cheboksary Reservoir there are two distinct spatially stable zooplankton communities associated to the Oka and Volga streams. The distinction between these two zooplankton communities was demonstrated by hierarchical cluster analysis. Redundancy analysis has shown that chlorophyll-a and pH were the main factors influencing the specific zooplankton structure.Chlorophyll-a concentration reflects the meso-scale heterogeneity of the horizontal phytoplankton distribution and hence the distribution of the zooplankton's food sources. The relation of zooplankton to pH level reflects the high sensitivity of the species of the genus Brachionus Pallas, 1766 to high acidity. The influence of pH as an environmental factor was less evident. However, this variable is well known as one of the leading factors determining the structure of zooplankton communities. Its role in zooplankton community assembly of lowland reservoirs deserves further investigation.

The morphological characteristics of the North American invasive species Kellicottia bostoniensis Rousselet, 1908 were studied in 29 various types of water bodies and watercourses of the Middle Volga basin. The water bodies, which are the habitats of K. bostoniensis, are located on several territories that differ significantly in a set of characteristics, such as their geological structure, relief, climate, anthropogenic impact, hydrochemical and hydrophysical indicators, etc. The sizes of K. bostoniensis individuals in most of the studied water bodies and watercourses were measured and analyzed for the first time. A high positive correlation was found between the total body length and the posterior spine length (R2 = 0.79, p < 0.01), as well as the anterior spine length (R2 = 0.75, p < 0.01). A relationship was revealed between the lengths of the anterior and posterior spines (R2 = 0.58, p < 0.01). K. bostoniensis individuals in the studied water bodies and watercourses are characterized by large sizes, the median values of the total body length being 236–440 μm. These sizes are similar to those of individuals in the native habitats of North America and some biotopes of Europe and European Russia. Among the previously studied water bodies of Russia and other countries (Belarus, Sweden, Finland, Brazil, and Argentina), where researches of the morphological variability of K. bostoniensis were carried out, the largest body sizes were characteristic for the invader species of the Sura River. Larger K. bostoniensis specimens live in deep mesotrophic water bodies with high transparency, compared with representatives of this species in shallow eutrophic water bodies with less transparency in the Middle Volga basin. Our data on the morphological characteristics of the invading species of water bodies in the Middle Volga basin significantly expand the existing information on the morphological variability of K. bostoniensis individuals and their dependence on environmental factors.