BackgroundThe efficacy of treating acute myocardial ischemic damages depends, to a large extent, on the development of technologies for predicting their course and outcome. The aim of this paper was to explore whether it would be possible to consider the content of free circulating mitochondrial DNA as a danger-associated molecular pattern for assessing the probability of death from myocardial infarction.MethodsWe have analyzed the clinical outcomes based on discharge summaries and autopsy reports obtained in the course of the PROTOCOL observational trial. This study was approved by the Irkutsk Scientific Center of Surgery and Traumatology ethics committee (protocol No. 3, 10.08.2015). To examine whether the assessment of the level of free circulating mtDNA in acute coronary syndrome can help predicting clinical outcomes, all patients were divided into two groups: group 1, involving those who survived during 30 days after hospitalization, and group 2, involving those who died during this time. A quantitative analysis of the free circulating mtDNA was conducted using the PCR method in situ.ResultsThe analysis showed that in patients who survived the level of freely circulating mtDNA (36.0 copies/ml) was 164 times lower than in those who died (5900 copies/ml, p = 0.049). It should be mentioned that according to the logistic regression analysis, the probability of death of patients with the increased level of blood plasma mtDNA (more than 4000 copies/ml) is 50%.ConclusionsThus, the PROTOCOL observational trial proved that the increase in the content of free circulating mtDNA in blood is a predictor of lethal outcome in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Trial registration The observational studies (those in which the assignment of the medical intervention is not at the discretion of the investigator) do not require registration.

Here we present a modular agent-based mathematical model of the human cardiovascular and renal systems. It integrates the previous models primarily developed by A. C. Guyton, F. Karaaslan, K. M. Hallow, and Y. V. Solodyannikov. We performed the model calibration to find an equilibrium state within the normal vital sign ranges for a healthy adult. We verified the model’s abilities to reproduce equilibrium states with abnormal physiological values related to different combinations of cardiovascular diseases (such as systemic hypertension, chronic heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, etc.). For the model creation and validation, we involved over 200 scientific studies covering known models of the human cardiovascular and renal functions, biosimulation platforms, and clinical measurements of physiological quantities in normal and pathological conditions. We compiled detailed documentation describing all equations, parameters and variables of the model with justification of all formulas and values. The model is implemented in BioUML and available in the web-version of the software.

PurposeThe aim of this study is to investigate the frequency of CYP2C19*2, *3 allelic variants, associated with poor response to clopidogrel, and CYP2C19*17, associated with excessive response to clopidogrel, in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) from Siberia and Moscow regions of Russia.Patients and methodsThe study included 512 ACS patients who were subsequently treated with coronary arterial stenting. The subjects assigned were from the cities of Central (Novosibirsk, Kemerovo), Eastern (Irkutsk), Northern (Surgut) Siberia regions and from Moscow region. The mean age of patients enrolled was 63.9±10.9 years. Among the assigned subjects, the proportion of men accounted for 80% and women 20%.ResultsAccording to the results obtained in the present study, from 16% up to 27.5% of patients in different regions of Russia have at least one CYP2C19 “poor metabolizer” (PM) allele variant affecting clopidogrel metabolism and, therefore, suppressing its antiplatelet activity. CYP2C19*17 allele variant was identified with the frequency of 15.4% up to 33.3%. The study revealed the presence of statistically significant differences in CYP2C19*3 allele frequency between the Russian ethnic group patients from Eastern and Central Siberia (p=0.001; odds ratio=1.05 [95% confidence interval 1.01–1.09]).ConclusionThe study revealed statistically significant differences between the allele frequencies in Eastern and Central Siberia, which can probably be caused by a considerable number of Buryats inhabiting Eastern Siberia.

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Hypertension is a multifactorial disease arising from complex pathophysiological pathways. Individual characteristics of patients result in different responses to various classes of antihypertensive medications. Therefore, evaluating the efficacy of therapy based on in silico predictions is an important task. This study is a continuation of research on the modular agent-based model of the cardiovascular and renal systems (presented in the previously published article). In the current work, we included in the model equations simulating the response to antihypertensive therapies with different mechanisms of action. For this, we used the pharmacodynamic effects of the angiotensin II receptor blocker losartan, the calcium channel blocker amlodipine, the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril, the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren, the thiazide diuretic hydrochlorothiazide, and the β-blocker bisoprolol. We fitted therapy parameters based on known clinical trials for all considered medications, and then tested the model’s ability to show reasonable dynamics (expected by clinical observations) after treatment with individual drugs and their dual combinations in a group of virtual patients with hypertension. The extended model paves the way for the next step in personalized medicine that is adapting the model parameters to a real patient and predicting his response to antihypertensive therapy. The model is implemented in the BioUML software and is available at https://gitlab.sirius-web.org/virtual-patient/antihypertensive-treatment-modeling.

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В обзоре приведены сведения о роли ДЭ в патогенезе ССЗ как ведущей при-чины смертности. Рассмотрена морфофункциональная характеристика эндоте-лия, продукты синтеза и их регуляторы. Выделена регуляторная роль NO и его эффекты, пути синтеза в эндотелии, ферментативные системы. Приведена характеристика NO-синтазы и полиморфизмов гена, её кодирующего, а также рассмотрена их клиническая значимость в аспекте развития ДЭ. Определены механизмы баланса вазодилататоров и вазоконстрикторов, к которым отно-сятся и ЭТ, имеющие разнообразные функции. Полиморфность генотипа опре-деляет активность ЭТ-1, что имеет существенное значение в патогенезе ГБ, ЭД, ИБС и взаимосвязано с продукцией NO. Показаны генетические основы регуля-ции ренин-ангиотензин-альдостероновой системы при участии АПФ и вклад редких полиморфизмов в повышение риска развития ИБС, инфаркта миокарда, диабетической нефропатии. Патогенетическая значимость ДЭ в условиях окис-лительного стресса определяет внимание клиницистов к этой патологии, тесно связанной с атеросклерозом, а молекулярные и генетические аспекты форми-рования ССЗ диктуют необходимость применения персонализированной меди-цины для прогнозирования и профилактики, а фармакогенетики -для коррек-ции патологии эндотелия и сердечно-сосудистой системы в целом. ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION AS CORNERSTONE OF CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS: MOLECULAR AND PHARMACEUTIC ASPECTSKireeva V. V. The review concerns on the data about ED in CVD pathogenesis as the leading cause of death. The morphofunctional characteristic of endothelium is discussed, its synthetic activity and regulators. Also the regulatory role of NO-synthase and its gene polymorphism, as their clinical significance as the ED development factors. Also the vasodilator and vasoconstrictor balancing mechanisms of ET, showing different functions. Polymorphism of genes influences ET-1 activity, that has significant value for RAAS regulation with ACE and the influence of rare polymorphisms in CHD risk, MI, diabetic nephropathy. Pathogenetic significance of ED in the conditions of oxidative stress defines clinicists attention on this pathology, related to atherosclerosis, and molecular and genetic aspects of CHD formation do dictate inevitability of personalized medicine for prognosis and prevention, as pharmacogenomics -for endothelial pathology correction of cardiovascular system in general. Russ