The human body, like any other, is an intermediate component of the nitrogen cycle in nature. Consuming nitrogen from the external environment in the form of various compounds, the body processes it into ammonia - one of the final products of exchange of nitrogen-containing substances [1], which is removed from the body in the form of urea. The most active ammonia producers are organs with high exchange of amino acids and biogenic amines - nerve tissue, liver, intestine, and muscles. In a state of nitrogen equilibrium, the adult body consumes and releases about 15 g of nitrogen per day, temporary or permanent disruption of nitrogen balance results in a great number of physiological conditions and diseases, and the need to stabilize it is well known. However, despite a huge number of studies on the role of nitrogen metabolism and its compounds in the clinic, to date we have not been able to find any conciliation document in the world literature on the classification of ammonia-ammonium levels in human blood and approaches to the correction of hyperammonemia, which was the basis for the emergence of this consensus.

Цель. Оценить различия между группой пациентов, принимавших урсодезоксихолиевую кислоту (УДХК) на протяжении исследования, и группой пациентов, не при-нимавших УДХК, с помощью псевдорандомизации методом Propensity Score Matching (сопоставления с помощью индекса соответствия). Материал и методы. В наблюдательном когортном исследовании продолжительностью 6 мес 262 пациента в возрасте 60,1±8,9 лет принимали статины с целью вто-ричной профилактики сердечно-сосудистых осложнений. В связи с наличием заболеваний печени и/или желчевыводящих путей всем пациентам был рекомендован прием УДХК. Часть пациентов четко выполняла назначения врача и принимала УДХК, другая часть пациентов -УДХК не принимала, что позволило сравнить эффект УДХК в этих группах. Результаты. Использование метода Propensity Score Matching позволило сформировать две группы пациентов по 52 чел в каждой, которые не отличались между со-бой по основным клинико-демографическим показателям. У пациентов, получавших гиполипидемическую терапию в сочетании с назначением УДХК, через 6 мес на-блюдения было более выраженное снижение общего холестерина (ОХС) и холестерина липопротеидов низкой плотности (ХС ЛПНП): до 4,0 ммоль/л и 1,92 ммоль/л, соответственно (р<0,001), без УДХК -до 4,52 ммоль/л и 2,6 ммоль/л, соответственно (p<0,05). На фоне приема статинов не было выявлено ухудшения в динами-ке АЛТ и АСТ, КФК, ЛДГ, а также повышения уровня билирубина сыворотки крови. К концу исследования благодаря приему статинов целевые значения ХС ЛПНП были достигнуты у 31% пациентов, получавших УДКХ, а в группе без УДХК целевые показатели ХС ЛПНП не были достигнуты ни у одного из пациентов (р<0,001). Проде-монстрирована высокая приверженность терапии УДХК. Заключение. Комбинированная терапия статинами и УДХК эффективна и безопасна для пациентов с высоким риском сердечно-сосудистых осложнений и сочетан-ной патологией печени. Совместное назначение статинов и УДХК перспективно в терапии гиперлипидемии у пациентов с низкой переносимостью статинов, однако, требуются дополнительные контролируемые исследования. Ключевые слова: дислипидемия, высокий риск сердечно-сосудистых осложнений, статины, заболевания печени, урсодезоксихолевая кислота, безопасность тера-пии, Propensity Score Matching анализ. Aim. To evaluate the differences between a group of patients treated with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) during the study period and a group of patients not treated with UDCA by pseudo-randomization using Propensity Score Matching. Material and methods. 262 patients aged 60.1±8.9 years, taking statins for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular complications were included into a 6-month observational cohort study. The UDCA intake was recommended to all the patients due to the presence of liver and/or bile duct diseases. One part of the patients strictly followed medical recommendations and used UDCA, while the other part of the patients wasn't taking UDCA. This allowed comparing the effect of UDCA in these groups.

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Hyperammonemia is considered as a significant trigger factor in the progression of liver diseases, starting from the stage of steatosis. There is also a link between high levels of ammonia and metabolic syndrome. The article discusses the relationship of hyperammonemia with a violation of carbohydrate metabolism. It is likely that an increase in ammonia is associated with an increase in visceral fat and may be a predictor of the development of insulin resistance as a key factor in carbohydrate metabolism disorders.

Federation Despite the increased interest of the scientific community in diseases associated with atherosclerosis, the widespread use and availability in clinical practice of diagnostic research methods (Doppler ultrasound, CT, MRI), allowing to visualize the vessels of the abdominal cavity, chronic mesenteric ischemia remains an underestimated, undiagnosed and insufficiently studied disease, mainly due to the lack of knowledge and awareness among doctors, which leads to delays in diagnosis and delayed treatment of patients, which significantly increases the risk of death. Currently, new recommendations for clinical, physical, laboratory and instrumental diagnostics of chronic mesenteric ischemia have been developed and are being implemented. These documents should help primary care physicians in early detection of this disease, optimization of treatment and reduction of mortality from this pathology. The lecture highlights the issues of etiology, pathogenesis, classification, clinical course, laboratory and instrumental diagnostics, as well as the possibilities of conservative and surgical treatment of chronic mesenteric ischemia.

A hernia of the esophageal aperture of the diaphragm is considered as one of the factors contributing to the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease and requires a complete and comprehensive examination of the patient. Routine esophagogastroduodenoscopy does not give a complete picture of the disease, and therefore patients receive symptomatic treatment for a long time. Paraesophageal hernia of the esophageal aperture of the diaphragm are not well understood yet due to their relatively low frequency of occurrence, may be asymptomatic or manifest as chest pain of noncardiac origin. A patient with a long history of gastroesophageal reflux disease associated with a giant paraesophageal hernia of the esophageal aperture of the diaphragm is presented as a clinical case.

Hyperammonemia is an acute or chronic intoxication with ammonia and ammonium associated with elevated ammonia levels in serum due to either its increased production and/or decreased detoxification. Hyperammonemia can result from a variety of causes and clinically presents with unspecific signs and symptoms, including asthenia, encephalopathy, liver steatosis or fibrosis, and sarcopenia. With impaired liver function, hyperammonemia most frequently manifests in (micro)encephalopathy. Thus in case of unexpect change in mental status hyperammonemia must be excluded as fast as possible. An express method of photometric assay is informative enough to determine the ammonia levels. The following hyperammonemia classification is proposed: a) by ammonia levels (normal level: ≤ 60 μmol/L; mild (Grade 1): ≤ 100 μmol/L; moderate (Grade 2): ≤ 200 μmol/L; and severe (Grade 3): > 200 μmol/L); b) by etiopathogenesis (hereditary (congenital), functional (physiological), acquired (hepatic, extrahepatic, mixed)); c) by clinical presentation (transient, recurrent or persistent, constant (stable, without treatment), covert). Treatment for hyperammonemia is aimed at treating the primary disease and includes a diet that is restricted in animal protein but contains sufficient vegetable protein, limited physical activities, and use of intestinal non-absorbable antibiotics (rifaximin- alpha) as well as pre- and probiotics. L-ornithine- L-aspartate (LOLA) is a baseline therapeutic product administered in a number of scenarios to correct the level of hyperammonemia.

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