Keywords:Icewine Marselan Freezing Northen Black Sea coast. Introduction. The purpose of research was to determine the impact of different freezing methods of Marselan grapes on sensory and physicochemical compositions of obtained icewines.Materials and methods. Sweet wines were obtained by two ways of freezing of Marselan grapes: naturally and alternativecryogenic extraction. The production and physicochemical parameters of wines were conducted in agreement with the provisions of the International Organization of Vine and Wine relating to icewine technology. Quantitative and qualitative composition of aromatics in sweet wines were determined by gas chromatography. Sensory analysis consistent with ISO 8586-2 showed the organoleptic attributes of dessert wines.Results and Discussion. According to the agricultural climatic resources of Northen Black Sea coast exactly in Odesa region red variety Marselan is suiTable for processing into dessert wine of premium sector. Freezing of grapes by cryogenic extraction was slower and at a lower temperature (-10ᵒC) compare to natural method (harvesting at -7ᵒC) for obtaining of must with a high sugar content.The chemical composition of the wine grape Marselan, frozen in various ways were not significantly different. Positive correlations among the variables responsible for the content of sugar, ethanol and volumetric mass concentrations of volatile acids were observed in both samples. 35 and 37 aroma compounds were found in wines made by natural (NF) and alternative freezing (AF) respectively by gas chromatography. Concentrations of alcohols in both wines were the highest among aroma volatiles counting more than 60 % and 40 % in wines of NF and AF accordingly. Esters, higher alcohols, volatile acids differ in mass concentration, and C 6 compounds were found only in the wine produced from grapes frozen on the vine. Sensory analysis showed differences in intensity of fruit notes, hints of nuts and longitude of aftertaste.Conclusions. The results of the research demonstrate the peculiarities in the formulation of unique aromatic and chemical profiles of icewines made from Marselan, as well as a way of freezing affects the defining characteristics of the wines.
Some components of alcohol extracts from seagrass of genus Zostera were fractioned in the column filled with sorbent Sephadex LH-20 using the methods of size exclusion chromatography. Content of polyphenols in the fractions and their antioxidant activity were determined. The total content of polyphenols in the extracts from Zostera asiatica collected in the Rudnaya Bay (Japan Sea) and Zostera marina from the Aniva Bay (Okhotsk Sea) was 2.10 and 2.15 mg/mL, or 0.4 and 1.8 mg/g DW, respectively. The antioxidant activity varied by fractions in the range 19.1–118.0 μg of ascorbic acid per mL for Z. asiatica and 96.2–213.9 μg of ascorbic acid per mL for Z. marina, in dependence on qualitative and quantitative composition of the fractions. The alcohol extracts of Zostera were heterogeneous systems with different polyphenol components and included protein substances covalently bound with polysaccharides and/or polyphenols, that was confirmed by UV spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography. Phenolic acids, flavones and flavonols were presented in the extracts.
The paper considers the evolution of the money supply concept in economics through the lens of contemporary discussion on the degree of its endogeneity. It is stated that the model of exogenous money supply formation, widespread in the literature and actively criticized in recent decades, is an artifact of macroeconomic thought. Its dominance lasted a very short time period, and various forms of endogeneity were attributed to money supply much more often in the course of monetary theory development. Authors cover the debates between the currency and banking school in the XIX century, the birth of the theory of money multiplier, Keynes’ position, the monetarist view of money supply and its criticism by Post- Keynesians. Particular attention is paid to the turn in views within the mainstream, from the Real Business Cycles doctrine to state-of-the-art models of the New Synthesis. It is emphasized that the complete exogeneity of money supply is a distinctive feature only of the monetarist approach, which has relied on the specifi c assumption of the stability of money demand function. The paper shows that, despite the visible convergence between the New Keynesian and Post- Keynesian positions, based on the modeling of interest rate targeting rather than money supply targeting by the central bank, fundamental differences still remain between two camps regarding the endogeneity mechanism.
Annotation. The article examines the problem of medical researches, which is so relevant and necessary especially today, during the COVID-19 pandemic. It turns out that medical researches have an ethical nature, due to two interrelated aspects – the first aspect relates to professional medical practice, the second – to the patient's personality. Human medical research is based on the "rule of consent". This is necessary to protect the subject of medical research against various threats. The ethical implications of medical research stem from the need to comply with social requirements. The ratio of internal (professional) and external (public) control over medical research is both moral and social problems. Public control over medical research should be limited to such an extent as to leave room for the professional work of scientists. One aspect of this problem is related to the physical well-being of the subject of medical research: an adequate balance between risk and success is determined solely by the physician. The second aspect is related to the well-being of the person being studied as an individual and comes down to the question of who should determine this balance. Physicians attribute this right exclusively to themselves: only they can obtain the necessary information, without putting pressure on their patients. It is important to affirm the "principle of support" for medical research: the only one who can assess the human aspect of research is the subject himself. At first, the patient usually trusts his doctor, but later he must be able to decide how justified this trust was. The scientist-physician must realize that his future as a researcher depends not only on scientific but also moral qualities. On the other hand, fear of the sad consequences of the experiment should not be an obstacle to scientific progress. Important characteristics of the experiment are its reliability and validity. Therefore, medical experiments are an important tool for the development of medical knowledge about a person, about his health.
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