—The Lugokanskoe deposit is located in southeastern Transbaikalia and has been studied for a long time by many researchers. However, the type of its formation is still debatable. In this paper we study the mineral composition of ores by modern methods, recognize and describe the main gold mineral assemblages, and present detailed data on the chemical composition of native gold and sulfide minerals and their isotope composition. We have established that gold–pyrite–chalcopyrite–arsenopyrite and gold–bismuth parageneses localized in skarn deposits are the main productive assemblages. Study of the sulfur isotope composition of sulfide minerals has shown an endogenous source of sulfur of the ore minerals. The carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of carbonates of ore-bearing veins indicate the participation of a magmatic fluid. The established age of the gold mineralization and igneous rocks of the Shakhtama complex, together with direct geological observations, points to their spatial, temporal, and genetic relationships. According to their petrochemical and geochemical characteristics, the igneous rocks of the Shakhtama complex are I-type ilmenite (reduced) granitoids. Study of fluid inclusions by heating and cooling and Raman spectroscopy has shown that the mineral formation was accompanied by a gradual decrease in the content of salts in the ore-forming fluids and by a decrease in their homogenization temperatures. Optical observations demonstrate that the fluid was heterogeneous at the early stages of the mineral formation. The evolution of the ore system was accompanied by a change in the gas phase composition of fluid inclusions from predominantly nitrogen–carbon dioxide to essentially aqueous, with carbon dioxide impurity (H2O + CO2 ± N2 → H2O ± CO2). The research data testify to the magmatic nature of fluids and the participation of meteoric waters at the late stages of the ore-forming process. The data obtained have led to the conclusion that the Lugokanskoe gold deposit is related to reduced intrusions formed at a shallow depth.
The Chauvai Hg-Sb deposit is a striking example of combining two contrasting types of mineralization in space: mercury-antimony and gold ones. The article studies the spatial-temporal and genetic relationships of goldore and mercury-antimony mineralization based on a complex of both traditional geological and mineralogicalgeochemical methods, as well as modern instrumental methods for analyzing the mineral composition. Two types of ores with clear structural confinedness have been found at the deposit: a) mercury-antimonic (cinnabarantimonite) ores, associated with jasperoid breccias and manifested exclusively along the tectonic contact of limestone of the Alai section and terrigenous rocks of the Tolubai Formation, and b) gold- sulphide (arsenopyritepyritic) ores, localized in slightly modified carbonate-terrigenous rocks of the Tolubai Formation, overlying the plane of tectonic contact. Ore formation occurred during the following stages: in the late diagenetic, without interruption passing into the catagenetic-hydrothermal, characterized by the formation of gold mineralization, and then in the later hydrothermal-telethermal, characterized by the development of Hg-Sb mineralization. It is established that the main carrying agent of invisible gold (“invisible gold”) in ores is framboidal and idiomorphic pyrite and, especially, its high-arsenic varieties. A set of conducted studies has shown that the gold ore and mercury-antimony mineralization is broken in time and is genetically associated with various hydrothermalmetasomatic processes, and the Chauvai deposit can be classified as a Carlin-like type.
The Kultuma deposit is among the largest and most representative Au–Cu–Fe–skarn deposits situated in Eastern Transbaikalia. However, its genetic classification is still a controversial issue. The deposit is confined to the similarly named massif of the Shakhtama complex, which is composed mainly of quartz monzodiorite-porphyry and second-phase monzodiorite-porphyry. The magmatic rocks are characterized by a low Fe2O3/FeO ratio, low magnetic susceptibility and belong to meta-aluminous, magnesian high-potassic calc-alkalic reduced granitoids of type I. The results of 40Ar-39Ar and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U-Pb dating showed that the formation of magmatic rocks proceeded during the Late Jurassic time: 161.5–156.8 Ma. Relatively low Ce/Ce*, Eu/Eu* and Dy/Yb ratios in the zircons indicate that the studied magmatic rocks were formed under relatively reduced conditions and initially contained a rather low amount of magmatic water. A mineralogical–geochemical investigation allowed us to outline five main stages (prograde skarn, retrograde skarn, potassic alteration, propylitic (hydrosilicate) alteration and late low-temperature alteration) of mineral formation, each of them being characterized by a definite paragenetic mineral association. The major iron, gold and copper ores were formed at the stage of retrograde skarn and potassic alteration, while the formation of polymetallic ores proceeded at the stage of propylitic alteration. The obtained timing of the formation of retrograde skarn (156.3 Ma) and magmatic rocks of the Shakhtama complex, along with the direct geological observations, suggest their spatial–temporal and genetic relationship. The data obtained on the age of magmatic rocks and ore mineralization are interpreted as indicating the formation of the Kultuma deposit that proceeded at the final stages of collision. Results of the investigation of the isotope composition of S in sulfide minerals point to their substantial enrichment with the heavy sulfur isotope (δ34S from 6.6 to 16‰). The only exclusion with anomalous low δ34S values (from 1.4 to 3.7‰) is pyrrhotite from retrograde skarns of the Ochunogda region. These differences are, first of all, due to the composition of the host rocks. Results of the studies of C and O isotope composition allow us to conclude that one of the main sources of carbon was the host rocks of the Bystrinskaya formation, while the changes in the isotope composition of oxygen are mainly connected with decarbonization processes and the interactions of magmatic fluids, host rocks and meteoric waters. The fluids that are responsible for the formation of the mineral associations of retrograde skarns and the zones of potassic alteration at the Kultuma deposit were reduced, moderately hot (~360–440 °С) and high-pressure (estimated pressure is up to 2.4 kbar). The distinguishing features of the fluids in the zones of potassic alteration at the Ochunogda region are a lower concentration and lower estimated pressure values (~1.7 kbar). The propylitic alteration took place with the participation of reduced lower-temperature (~280–320 °C) and lower-pressure (1–1.2 kbar) fluids saturated with carbon dioxide, which were later on diluted with meteoric waters to become more water-rich and low-temperature (~245–260 °C). The studies showed that the main factors that affected the distribution and specificity of mineralization are magmatic, lithological and structural–tectonic ones. Results of the studies allow us to classify the Kultuma deposit as a Au–Cu–Fe–skarn deposit related to reduced intrusion.
Актуальность. Определение современными методами условий формирования редкометального оруденения на примере типовых месторождений Кукульбейского рудного района, в совокупности с изотопно-геохронологическими исследованиями являются ключевыми аспектами в решении одной из важнейших фундаментальных проблем рудной геологии и геохимии – выяснение условий, источников, механизмов и последовательности формирования рудных концентраций металлов в различных геологических обстановках. Цель: получение новых данных о физико-химических условиях формирования редкометального оруденения, а также установление возраста оруденения. Объекты: Букукинское, Белухинское и Антоновогорское месторождения. Методы. Флюидные включения были изучены в прозрачно-полированных пластинках методами крио-термометрии и Рамановской спектроскопии. Крио-термометрические исследования выполнялись в микротермокамере THMSG-600 фирмы Linkam. Образцы последовательно охлаждались до температуры –190 °С и нагревались до полной гомогенизации вещества включений. В процессе наблюдения замерялись температуры эвтектики, плавления льда и гомогенизации. Температуры плавления льда для двухфазных и температуры плавления кристалликов соли для трехфазных флюидных включений позволили установить концентрацию солей в пересчете на NaCl-эквивалент. Состав газовой и минеральной фаз флюидных включений изучался методом Рамановской спектроскопии – спектрометр Ramanor U-1000 и детектор Horiba DU420E-OE-323 фирмы Jobin Yvon, лазер Millennia Pro фирмы Spectra-Physics; Confocal Raman Microscope alpha 300R фирмы WITec. 40Ar/39Ar метод изотопно-геохронологического датирования по методике ступенчатого прогрева применялся для установления абсолютного возраста оруденения. Результаты. Рудные минеральные ассоциации рассматриваемых месторождений сформировались при участии хлоридных высокотемпературных флюидов, насыщенных углекислотой. Повсеместно рудоносные флюиды содержат восстановленные газы, из которых превалирует метан, а сероводород, азот и водород находятся в подчиненном количестве. В рамках кристаллизации отдельных минеральных ассоциаций прослеживается эволюция рудоносного флюида: снижение температуры и концентрации растворов. Катионный состав растворов также изменился от существенно натрового до существенно калиевого. Для объектов исследования получены умеренные оценки глубин: 6–8 км для Букукинского, 4,5–6 км для Белухинского и 3–3,5 км для Антоновогорского месторождения. Возраст редкометального оруденения составляет на Антоновогорском месторождении – 146,7±1,7 млн лет (мусковит из кварц-мусковитовых грейзенов с вольфрамитом); на Букукинском месторождении – 135±2,8 млн лет (серицит из кварц-вольфрамитовых жил); на Белухинском месторождении – 155,6±1,8млн лет (серицит из кварц-вольфрамитовых жил). Выводы. Редкометальная минерализация Кукульбейского рудного района, на примере типовых месторождений, формировалась из высокотемпературных гидротермальных насыщенных восстановленными газами (метан, сероводород, азот и водород) углекислотно-водно-хлоридных растворов магматического происхождения. По глубине становления рассматриваемые рудоносные системы можно отнести к гипабиссальным от 8 до 3 км. Проведенные изотопно-геохронологические исследования показали, что в пределах Кукульбейского рудного района формирования вольфрамового оруденения происходило в позднеюрское-раннемеловое время, основная часть которого связана со становлением магматических пород кукульбейского комплекса, не исключено что позднеюрское оруденение связано со становлением магматических пород шахтаминского комплекса.
Many gold and gold-bearing complex deposits related to the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous magmatism are known in Eastern Transbaikalia. The largest deposits are the Lugokan, the Kultuma and the Bystrinsky. These deposits are in a paragenetic relationship with the Late Jurassic magmatic rocks of the Shakhtama complex. According to the available data, the total resources of gold in these three deposits are estimated to be approximately 443 tons: the Lugokan, Au~53 tons, Cu~302 thousand tons; the Kultuma, Au~121 tons, Cu~587 thousand tons, Fe~33 mln t; the Bystrinsky, Au~269 tons, Cu~2070 thousand tons, Fe~67 mln t. One of the main aims of this work was to reveal the criteria of fertility for the classical porphyry type, based on the specific geochemical features of rock-forming and accessory minerals. A comparison of the obtained results with other data on the large porphyry and skarn deposits of the world showed that the magmatic rocks of the Bystrinsky massif, specifically porphyry species dated 159.6–158.6 Ma, are potentially ore-bearing for the porphyry type mineralization. The magmatic rocks that widely occur at the Lugokan and Kultuma deposits are most close to the Fe-skarn deposits. The best indicators of the magma fertility for the porphyry rocks are Ce/Ce*, Eu/Eu*, Yb/Dy, (Ce/Nd)/Y in zircons. Thus, magmatic rocks characterized by Ce/Ce* > 100, Eu/Eu* > 0.4, Yb/Dy > 5.0 and (Ce/Nd)/Y > 0.01 may be classified as high fertile for the classical porphyry mineralization in Eastern Transbaikalia. The plagioclase and biotite chemistry data also showed that the magmatic rocks that occurred at the Bystrinsky deposit are the most fertile for the porphyry type mineralization. The magmatic rocks classified as ore-bearing porphyry type have Al* > 1 in plagioclase, high values of IV(F) and IV(F/Cl) and low ratios of X(F)/X(OH) in biotites. The assessment of the metal fertility of magmatic rocks is most effective in combination with data on both the composition of rock-forming and accessory minerals. The obtained data may be used to develop the methods of prediction and search for gold, copper and iron mineralization.
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