In the course of circulation erythrocytes can test damages, which compromises their integrity and thus triggers suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis. This mechanism is characterised by cell shrinkage, cell membrane blebbing, and cell membrane phospholipid scrambling after phosphatidylserine exposure on the cell surface that is identified by macrophages, which engulf and degrade the eryptotic cells. The term eryptosis also includes typical mechanisms, which contribute to the triggering of this process, such as oxidative stress, Ca2+ entry with an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ activity and the activation of p38 kinase, which is a kinase expressed in human erythrocytes and activated after hyperosmotic shock. Enhanced eryptosis has been observed in several clinical conditions such as diabetes, renal insufficiency, haemolytic uremic syndrome, sepsis, mycoplasma infection, malaria, iron deficiency, sickle cell anaemia, beta-thalassemia, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-deficiency, hereditary spherocytosis, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, Wilson’s disease, myelodysplastic syndrome, and phosphate depletion. Therefore, eryptosis may be considered as a useful mechanism of removal of defective erythrocytes to prevent haemolysis. Moreover, the clearance of infected erythrocytes in diseases such as malaria may counteract parasitemia. Indeed it is known that sickle-cell trait, beta-thalassemia trait, G6PD-deficiency and iron deficiency confer some protection against a severe course of malaria. Importantly, strategies to control Plasmodium infection by inducing eryptosis are not expected to generate resistance of the pathogen, as the proteins involved in suicidal death of the host cell are not encoded by the pathogen and thus cannot be modified by mutations of its genes. However, excessive eryptosis could compromise microcirculation and lead to anemia. Besides, adhesion of eryptosis erythrocytes to a vascular wall also can lead to microcirculation infringement.Thus, modern representations about eryptosis expand our knowledge about the programmed death of blood cells and is more directed to create new therapeutic schemes of treatment of patients.
Cellular microRNAs (miRNAs) were identified as a key player in the posttranscriptional regulation of cellular-genes regulatory pathways. Here, we review the current knowledge on the interaction between RNA viruses and cellular miRNAs. We also discuss how cell and tissue-specific expression of miRNAs can directly affect viral pathogenesis. They also emerged as a significant regulator of the immune response. In particular, miR-146a acts as an importance modulator of function and differentiation cells of the innate and adaptive immunity. It has been associated with disorder including cancer and viral infections. Given its significance in the regulation of key cellular processes, it is not surprising which virus infection have found ways to dysregulation of miRNAs. miR-146a has been identified in exosomes (exosomal miR-146a). After the exosomes release from donor cells, they are taken up by the recipient cell and probably the exosomal miR-146a is able to modulate the antiviral response in the recipient cell and result in making them more susceptible to virus infection. In this review, we discuss recent reports regarding miR-146a expression levels, target genes, function, and contributing role in the pathogenesis of the viral infection and provide a clue to develop the new preventive and therapeutic strategies for medical treatment viral disease, and СOVID-19.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent heterogeneous population of the microparticles liberated by almost all live cages which are widely investigated recently in various biological and medical areas. They usually consist of two basic types (exosomes and microvesicles) and recently draw the increasing attention in quality mesenges of the cellular alarm system. Really, these vesicles can influence on cages-recipients, transferring and delivering difficult complexes of biomolecules (the lipids, proteins, coagulation factors, antigene, nucleinic acids), protected from enzymatic to degradation in environment. Importance EVs has been shown in pathophysiology several bodies, in particular, in kidneys where various types of cages нефрона allocate EVs which mediate their communication with underlaying cages urinogenous ways. By numerous researches it is established that EVs are involved in cellular communications during the regenerative and pathological processes occurring in a kidney. During the last years also it has been proved that vesicles play an important role in normal physiology of kidneys. Though many mechanisms EVs at illnesses are still studied insufficiently, in particular, in kidneys, opening of a role of additional mechanisms can help to throw light on the biological processes proceeding in kidneys. Eventually, extracellular vesicles, allocated with nephritic cages, collect in urine, becoming, thus, the big resource as markers of illnesses urinogenous a path and the perspective noninvasive diagnostic tool at nephritic illnesses. In the present review we discuss the latest data about a role EVs in pathophysiology of kidneys and their potential prospects in diagnostics and therapy of nephritic illness.
Ключевые слова:антимикробные пептиды; дефенсины человека; механизм действия дефенсинов; вирусы; антивирусные препараты. РезюмеДефенсины человека -катионные антимикробные пептиды (АМП) нейтрофилов и клеток барьерных эпителиев -явля-ются одними из ключевых молекул врожденного иммунитета, обеспечивающих противоинфекционную защиту организма. Дефенсины обладают высокой антимикробной, противовирус-ной, липополисахарид-связывающей активностью, ряд дефен-синов проявляет цитотоксическую активность в отношении опухолевых и нормальных клеток человека in vitro, некоторые АМП оказывают ранозаживляющее действие. Кроме анти-микробного действия АМП проявляют также широкий спектр эффектов в отношении собственных клеток организма людей. Это дает основание рассматривать данные пептиды не только как антимикробные, но и как возможные биомодуляторные соединения. Отдельные представители семейства дефенси-нов обладают кортикостатической активностью: ингибируют стимулированный адренокортикотропным гормоном стеро-идогенез в клетках коркового слоя надпочечников in vitro, а также совместно с протегрином-3 снижают уровень кортико-стерона в крови животных, повышение которого индуцировано адренокортикотропным гормоном или стрессом. Описанные в литературе данные свидетельствуют в пользу концепции дефенсинов человека как многофункциональных молекул, участвующих во взаимодействии систем врожденного и приоб-ретенного иммунитета, а также иммунной и нейроэндокринной систем. Акцентируется внимание на патогенезе противовирус-ного действия и перспективах использования природных и син-тетических дефенсинов в терапии инфекционных заболеваний. ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIVIRAL EFFECTS OF HUMAN DEFENSINS Keywords: antimicrobial peptides; human defensins; mode of action; viruses; antiviral drugs. Abstract. Defensins, the cationic antimicrobial pep tides (AMPs) of phagocytes and epithelial cells, are the key effector molecules of the innate immune system providing the anti-infective host defense. Besides the antimicrobial action, AMPs exert a broad spectrum of varied effects towards host cells giving a ground for considering these peptides as possible biomodulatory molecules. The review outlines different types of the biological activity of structurally diverse AMPs. AMPs posses the potent antimicrobial, antiviruses and lipopolysaccharide-binding activity; some of them are cytotoxic for tumor and normal human cells in vitro, while others demonstrate the wound healing action. AMPs of the defensin family display the corticostatic activity: they inhibit stimulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) steroidogenesis in adrenal cells in vitro. We also showed that defensins and protegrin 3 abolish ACTH-or stressinduced increase of the corticosterone level in blood of experimental animals. Taken together, the described in the literature and our own data contribute to the idea that AMPs are the multifunctional molecules participating in the interaction between the innate and adaptive immune systems as well as between immune and neuroendocrine systems. It considers st...
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
334 Leonard St
Brooklyn, NY 11211
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.