Систематизированы данные по химическому составу веществ тритерпеновой и стероидной природы, выделенных из чаги, как выращенной в условиях искусственной культуры, так и произрастающей в природе. Приведены сведения по биологической активности экстрактов из чаги и этих соединений в отношении различных линий клеток рака in vitro и in vivо. Проведённый анализ позволил выявить определенные закономерности в эффективности подавления роста различных линий клеток. Установлено, что наибольшей активностью обладают тритерпеновые соединения, содержащие ОН-группу при С-22 и ненасыщенную связь в боковой цепи.Ключевые слова: чага, тритерпеновые соединения, стероидные соединения, биологическая активность, in vivo, in vitro DOI 10.18097/PBMC20166204369Рисунок. Общая структурная формула тритерпенов ланостанового ряда (а) и стероидных соединений (б).

Many members of the Asparagaceae family are used in traditional medicine in different countries and characterized by a high content of biologically active metabolites. In this work, the qualitative composition and quantitative content of the components of methanol extracts from leaves and underground organs of Sansevieria cylindrica Bojer ex Hook, Sansevieria trifasciata Prain, Polianthes tuberosa L., leaves of Yucca filamentosa L. and Furcraea gigantea var. watsoniana (Hort. Sander) Drumm. were determined. Extraction of plant leaves and underground organs using 80% methanol resulted in 5.2–16.7% and 16–25.1% of the total extractive substances consequently. The presence of steroidal saponins in the extracts was shown by thin layer chromatography. Spirostanol saponins were predominate in the extracts from leaves of Y. filamentosa, F. gigantea and underground organs of S. cylindrica, S. trifasciata, P. tuberosa, furastanol saponins – in the extracts from leaves of S. cylindrica and S. trifasciata. The content of terpenoid and phenolic compounds in the extracts established using spectrophotometry significantly differs depending on the plant species and their anatomical part. All the extracts tested exhibited inhibition of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical in dose-dependent manner. The highest antiradical activity demonstrated the extract from the leaves of Y. filamentosa (IC50 = 25.95 μg/ml) containing the largest amount of phenolic compounds, including flavonoids – 51.3 and 15.5% of the total extractive substances.

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Melanins are universal biopolymers, the main biological function of which is to protect living organisms from adverse factors. Interest in these dark pigments arises due to the prospects for their use in medicine, cosmeceuticals, bioremediation, bioelectronics, and other fields. In this work, a complex scheme was developed to isolate melanins from the lichen Leptogium furfuraceum (Harm.), which is a symbiotic extremophilic organism. Screening of the conditions for the extraction of melanin, its subsequent precipitation and purification made it possible to isolate three samples of melanin with a total yield of 7.5% of the dry matter of the lichen. It was established that all isolated melanins have a polyaromatic structure, they contain carbohydrates and proteins, the content of which, depending on the conditions for melanin isolation, is 7.3–9.9% and 13.5–32.7%, respectively. Among the isolated melanins, melanin, which is a water-soluble fraction of acid-precipitated melanin, displays the highest antioxidant activity. This melanin, unlike other melanins, is almost fully soluble in distilled water, 95% ethanol, 99% dimethyl sulfoxide, and phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The differences in solubility, antioxidant activity, and chelating capacity of isolated lichen melanins make it possible to determine potential areas for their practical use.

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Показано, что этилацетатом из чаги можно извлечь около 0,88 % экстрактивных веществ, из которых около 58 % приходится на липофильные вещества, а остальная часть представлена фенольными соединениями. В экстракте определены тетрациклические тритерпены, стерины и их эфиры, сесквитерпены (азулены), бицикличекие монотерпены (иридоиды), фенолкарбоновые кислоты, простые фенолы и флавоноиды. Впервые в чаге обнаружены соединения, относящиеся к классу стильбенов, производное фенантрена и 9(11)-дигидроэргостерил бензоат.

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