Background: Breast cancer in Kazakhstan and its Kyzylorda oblast is the most prevalent cancer in women and features increasing trends of incidence. The aim of study was to reveal risk factors for breast cancer among women of Kyzylorda oblast of Kazakhstan. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based case-control study was conducted at Kyzylorda oblast Oncology Center, including 114 cases of breast cancer and 196 controls. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed. Results: Social and behavioral risk factors for breast cancer were evaluated, among which unfavorable living conditions, chronic stress, unilateral breastfeeding, breastfeeding less than 3 months and over 2 years, abortions, and hereditary predisposition were found to be related with increased breast cancer risk. Breastfeeding for 6-24 months was found to be protective. Conclusions: The findings may have significant impact on activity planning aimed towards breast cancer reduction among women in Kazakhstan.

Objective: The objective of this research was to study the opinion of therapists and highly specialized doctors (cardiologist, neuropathologist, and oculist) in Almaty polyclinics on the provision of endocrinological care for patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: The sociological study was conducted on the basis of a specially developed questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 23 questions. The database was created in the Microsoft Access 2010 program. Statistical processing of data was carried out using the SPSS 22.0 software package. The average relative values have been calculated with the value of their standard error. Results: Most patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are observed in primary health care by therapists and endocrinologists. According to 86.7%of therapists, the number of patients with diabetes exceeds the number of registered patients and the determination of blood glucose level in the daily practice of therapists will reveal a large part of them. Most of the interviewed doctors believe that they have difficulties in servicing patients due to the presence of concomitant disease in patients, low adherence of patients, and a narrow choice of drugs for treatment. According to the opinion of doctors of different specialties (endocrinologists, cardiologists, neurologists, and oculists), when examining patients with type 2 diabetes, complications from the cardiovascular system, nervous system, and organ of vision are identified. Conclusion: The organization of outpatient care for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus should be interrelated by therapists and cardiologists, neurologists, and ophthalmologists. It should be based on continuity and interdisciplinary approach and is aimed to ensure patient satisfaction with the quality of care and adherence to treatment and to improve the quality of life.

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We analyzed the prevalence of complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus and concomitant diseases in Almaty, Kazakhstan for the period 2012-2016. Statistically significant trends in the prevalence of nephropathy (from 4.0 to 2.2 per 10 000 population), retinopathy (from 12.7 to 7.5 per 10 000 population) and sensory neuropathy (from 14.0 to 10.1 per 10 000 population) were revealed, as well as trends in the reduction in the prevalence of angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular diseases among type 2 diabetes patients. Downward trends in the incidence of disability due to myocardial infarction, cerebral circulation disorders, vision loss and nephropathy were observed as well. Districts of the Almaty city with the most unfavorable epidemiological situation in relation to complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus were identified. There was no association between the number of internal medicine specialists or endocrinologists and the prevalence of complications of type 2 diabetes in the city.