In the Russian cultural-historical psychology (in the clinical psychology, first of all), there was a bunch of studies based on the exploration of individual (singular) case. The article focuses on analysis of those studies and demonstrates principal difference of the approach used in them from other methodologies and approaches to the analysis of individual case. Russian perspective was originally based on the fundamental ideas of Lev S. Vygotsky; nevertheless, they were not sufficiently reflected in the Russian psychology. Examining Vygotsky’s texts, the authors discuss more profound reflection and further development of Vygotsky’s ideas as applied to the analysis of the individual case in the cultural-historical psychology. The article shows the possibilities to elaborate this approach on the basis of concepts by Lev Vygotsky and Mikhail Bakhtin and gives own studies of the authors as an example of such an elaboration. Furthermore, the article argues that the integration of objective cultural-historical psychology and phenomenology, hermeneutics, dialogical psychology would be of significance if developed in the direction of cultural-historical psychology of Vygotsky — Bakhtin. Such an approach allows to address general psychological issues and opens up new opportunities in certain applied studies in the field of cultural-historical psychology.
historical analysis in different ways is discussed, along with the importance of combining it with phenomenological analysis of child's inner dialogs in the structure of self-awareness. The necessity of configuring different methodological approaches for researching special clinicalpsychological aspects of this group of children is proved as well. Modern psychology requires increased integration of purely scientific and applied research. The article argues, that the cultural-historical methodology provides necessary basis for integration of purely scientific and applied research in analyzing speech disorders in clinical child psychology.
The research was focused on the following opportunities of further development of L. S. Vy-gotsky’s cultural-historical approach: 1) further analysis of symbolic mediation methods of mental activity in socially and culturally stratified modern society and 2) cultural-historical analysis use in research of theories and conceptual apparat of clinical psychology. Drawing on performed research, we argue that psychological knowledge should be analyzed in the context of its cultural-historical formation. The application of cultural-historical analysis in di˙erent levels provides an opportunity to extend the methodology used for empirical research including research of certain clinical case. We’ve developed the integrated cultural-historical approach that combines the ideas of L. S. Vygotsky and M. M. Bakhtin complementing psychology of interiorization with psychology of exteriorization. To develop further, modern cultural-historical psychol-ogy needs to extend the “experience” concept and to integrate the experience of depth psychology, inasmuch as an individual develops within the culture, which means, that development is closely related with language and should be analyzed in the context of language and voice dialogues as fundamental conditions of psychological development. Thereby, mental activity is dialogical in its structure – it does not only evolve in dialogue, but is a dialogue at the root as well. Performed research proves L. S. Vygotsky’s idea that normal and abnormal development goes in accordance with the same rules. Moreover, normal and abnormal phenomena intertwine in the midst of empirical development of an individual. Historically divergent phenomena provided an opportunity for extension of normal consciousness that places developmental psychology and pathopsychology in the global phenomenological and historical context of analysis.
The article provides critical analysis of phenomenological approach application in the European and American psychology. The authors describe typical misapprehensions concerning phenomenological approach and clarify its essence and goals arguing that modern psychology lacks examinations focused on the history of the phenomenological approach and on the development of phenomenological methodology. The authors controvert to M. Larkin who applies phenomenological approach in the clinical psychology and discuss the issues concerning improvement of phenomenological research quality, ways of data acquisition, fields of phenomenological approach application and position of researcher. The authors develop and present their own approach towards phenomenological research based on their previous works. This approach draws on dialogical ontology of the self-awareness and methodology of dialogue for organization of phenomenological research. We suppose such approach provides an opportunity to incorporate and to reanalyze broad historical experience connected with phenomenological research.
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