When a large population group is exposed for a long period of time to any harmful factor, as in the case of radiation, for example, from the Chernobyl accident or nuclear weapons tests, the determining factors are the irradiation dose and the response of the organism to this action (i.e. the radiobiological effect). Using the average values of the dose and the corresponding probability of the radiobiological effect, the average damage to the health for this population group (the radiation risk) can be estimated from the formula Ray = DavFav(D), where Day is the average irradiation dose for the population group under study and Fay(D) is the average probability for the appearance of a radiobiological effect for man at a dose Day.This approach (using average values) is valid, however, for the cases when the entire population group is irradiated with the same and high dose, i.e. the differences in the irradiation and effects for individuals in this group can be neglected.In most real cases, in the irradiation of large groups of the population with a small dose such an average approach makes it impossible to reveal especially serious consequences for separate representatives of the population. For this reason, it is necessary to use both the distribution of the irradiation dose in a group and the distribution over individual radiosensitivity in the population [1]. The effects of other factors -chemical, social, and so on -can be superposed on the effects from the irradiation action. Then the radiation risk R is calculated as the integrated (over all dose values) product of the probability P of exceeding some dose D by the probability distribution for the appearance of a radiobiologi-
This paper focuses on the problem of analyzing expediency of using electrochemical storages in power supply systems for non-traction consumers of railways from renewable energy sources (RES). It is quite obvious that RES implementation in any national industry as a proper distributed energy source is too problematic if there is no possibility to accumulate it in good supply. The aim of this paper is to select the most appropriate electrochemical storage device for power systems for non-traction consumers of railways from RES. The methodology of research is based on modern methods of computational mathematics, statistics and information analysis using modern computer technology. Consequently, the analysis helps conclude that batteries are the most preferable for power lines. That especially concerns railway mains with RES use since the batteries have the best power characteristics.
The article analyzes the main methods of increasing the reliability of operation of the cylinder-piston group currently used for the repair of the main power plants of sea vessels by ship repair plants in Ukraine, as well as abroad in many countries of the world. Improving the reliability of the main power plant of a sea vessel currently deserves special attention, and the importance of solving these problems is confirmed by a number of state, industry and other programs and decrees highlighting promising areas, one of which is to ensure reliable operation of the main power plant of a sea vessel. No matter how long low-speed engines are used, they have to be properly maintained, repaired by trained and qualified personnel who is capable of diagnosing a broken parts of the mechanism. The reliability of the engine must be maintained constantly at all these stages since the safety of the navigation of the vessel depends on the quality of the repair work, which in turn is controlled by the international maritime organization (IMO). The durability of the engine depends on the choice of the material of the parts, the method of obtaining the blanks, adherence to the manufacturing technology of the parts, assembly of the assembly, the quality of fuel and oils, modern and high-quality service. The high level of quality maintenance and operation of the unit, in accordance with the standards and requirements of the manufacturer, affects the durability of the parts of the cylinder-piston group, which are in severe operating conditions, namely, high temperature, pressure, and the presence of a corrosive environment. Therefore, these parts must have a given wear resistance, heat resistance, and corrosion resistance. Keywords: defect, failure, durability, reliability, cylinder-piston group, low-speed engines, Pareto diagram, Isikawa diagram.
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