Using an experimentally selected extractant for balanced extraction of flavonoids, polysaccharides and polyphenols from bur-marigold herb, calendula flowers and hawthorn leaves and flowers, 3 suitable dry extracts and 1 combined extract in the selected ratio of raw materials were obtained. It was concluded that it was reasonable to standardize the combined herbal extract on the content of flavonoids in terms of luteolin-7-glucoside and content of polyphenols in terms of pyrogallol by UV method and the content of terpenoid compounds, in terms of oleanolic acid by densitometric method. The combined extract at a dose of 30 mg/kg in the model of anaphylactic shock has showed antiallergic activity at the level of tesalin and exceeds diazoline; the ability of the combined extract to reduce the permeability of skin capillaries at the level of the tesalin has established on the model of active cutaneous anaphylaxis and it significantly exceeded diazoline; the combined extract did not differ in membrane-stabilizing properties from the effect of desloratadine and was significantly superior to the reference drugs diazolin and tesalin in the test of indirect degranulation of mast cells. As a result, it was concluded that the mechanism of anti-allergic action of the combined extract is probably associated not only with antihistamine properties but also with the ability to stabilize cell membranes.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a common disease characterized by a high level of disability and disability due to dysfunction of the musculoskeletal system. It is important to combine the basic therapy of rheumatoid arthritis and non-drug methods of recovery and physical rehabilitation of patients. The purpose of the study was to show the main methods of physical rehabilitation of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Materials and method. Analysis and generalization of scientific literature were used in the study. Results and discussion. The formation of functional insufficiency of the joints in patients requires improving the functioning of the musculoskeletal system and the quality of life of patients through the use of physical rehabilitation methods. The main element of the rehabilitation complex for patients with rheumatoid arthritis is therapeutic physical culture, aimed at increasing the range of motion of the limbs, muscle strength, reducing pain and improving the general physical condition. One of the important methods of rehabilitation of patients with rheumatoid arthritis is orthosis, since the progression of the disease is inevitably associated with the development of joint deformations, especially in the feet. The goals of orthoses prescription are to protect and relieve joint stress, reduce pain and inflammation by creating controlled rest, correct anatomical axes, prevent or slow down the development of contractures, deviations and deformations. Physiotherapy methods in different periods of the disease provide anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Restorative treatment and physical rehabilitation of patients with rheumatoid arthritis involves a combination of various methods, among which the most effective are exercise therapy, orthotics, and physical therapy. Conclusion. Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by a significant limitation of the functions of the musculoskeletal system due to damage to the articular cartilage and bone, which requires, in addition to drug therapy, the use of methods to restore an adequate level of physical activity and physical rehabilitation. The most effective methods of complex rehabilitation of patients with rheumatoid arthritis are physical exercises of therapeutic physical culture, orthotics and physiotherapy methods that reduce the activity of the inflammatory process, progression of deformities, maintain the volume of daily household activities, the ability to self-service, professional work and improvement of quality of life

Modern regimens for treatment of type 2 diabetes include various groups of oral hypoglycemic agents, most of which could cause side effects. Pharmacological activity of these medicines with long-term use is often reduced, which indicates the need to expand the range of new antidiabetic drugs. Promising antidiabetic agents are substances of plant origin that have a wide range of pharmacological effects, minimal adverse reactions and can be an effective preventive and curative adjunct to the pharmacotherapy of diabetes mellitus. Among medicinal plants with hypoglycemic action, ginger medicinal (Zingiber officinale) is promising for the development of a new antidiabetic agent. The aim of the work was a screening study of the hypoglycemic effect of the extract of ginger. The subject of the study was a dry of Ginger extract medicinal (Medagroprom, Dnipro), obtained from ginger rhizomas by extraction with 50% alcohol and spray-drying. The substance of Ginger extract is a fine-grained powder of light brown color with a peculiar scent and sharp taste, the dry residue is not less than 95%, the content of gingerols is 5%. Screening of the effective dose of Ginger extract for hypoglycemic action was performed on intact normoglycemic rats in a dose range of 10–150 mg/kg. As a reference, the compound «Arfazetin» and metformin were used. The possible hypoglycemic effect of Ginger extract was determined after its single fasting intragastric administration. The antihyperglycemic properties of Ginger extract were studied under conditions of 20-day administration with intraperitoneal and oral glucose tolerance tests on the dynamics of glycemia and areas under glycemic curves. A single introduction of Ginger extract in a dose range of 10–150 mg/kg and comparison drug «Arfazetine» did not show a hypoglycemic effect when fasting. Against the background of 20-day extract of ginger administration at intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test it was revealed that the pronounced antihyperglycemic effect of Ginger extract begins to manifest at a dose of 80 mg/kg (40%) and remains consistently the same when a high dose is administered – 150 mg/kg (41%). On the model of oral glucose tolerance test, when using extract of ginger in doses of 80 and 100 mg/kg, almost identical oppression of acute hyperglycemia was registered at 40 and 38% at the 30th minute of the test. This indicates a pronounced antihyperglycemic effect of the study agent. In terms of antihyperglycemic activity, extract of ginger at a dose of 80 mg/kg is not inferior to metformin and significantly exceeds the compoud «Arfazetin» by 1.3 times. The obtained results are the basis for in-depth study of Ginger extract at a dose of 80 mg/kg as antidiabetic agent.

The aim of this work was to study the effect of glikverin based on voglibose and quercetin on lipid metabolism in experimental metabolic syndrome. Materials. The metabolic syndrome model was reproduced by keeping rats on a hypercaloric diet (containing 20 % fatty food and fructose ad libitum (1 g per day per 100 g of body weight as a 10 % aqueous solution) for 8 weeks. The content of complex carbohydrates in the daily diet of animals was 60 %. The following groups of rats were used: group 1 — intact control; group 2 — rats receiving a hypercaloric diet; group 3 — animals that were administered glikverin at a dose of 50 mg/kg on the background of hypercaloric diet, groups 4–6 — animals that were administered comparison drugs on the background of hypercalorie diet: quercetin substance at a dose of 50 mg/kg, the voglibose substance at a dose of 0.06 mg/kg and standard drug — metformin at a dose of 60 mg/kg. The study drugs were administered simultaneously with the hypercaloric diet intragastrically for 8 weeks. Lipid metabolism was assessed by body weight gain, total cholesterol, triacylglycerols, low- and highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol, and serum TNF-α levels. Results. It was found that the combined product glikverin reduces body weight gain by 66%, which is probably specified by the action of its component component voglibose, which slows down the breakdown and absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine. The results of the study of lipid metabolism in blood serum showed that the combination of voglibose and quercetin in the combined agent leads to the summation of their pharmacological effects. Under the influence of glikverin, the content of total cholesterol decreased by 1.7 times, LDL-C and TAG - by 1.6 and 2.2 times, respectively, the level of HDL-C increased by 46%. Comparative analysis showed that the pronounced antiatherogenic effect of the combined agent is due to the effect of both components, with a predominant effect on the lipid metabolism of quercetin. The revealed hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic action provide an antiatherogenic effect. The severity of this effect, which provided glikverin, significantly exceeded the comparison agents quercetin, voglibose and metformin. The combination of voglibose and quercetin also reduced by 38% the content of TNF-α - an inductor of insulin resistance in obesity. The obtained results substantiate the expediency of further pharmacological study of the antidiabetic properties of glikverin as a promising tool for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.

Мета-дослідження впливу сухого екстракту імбиру на морфологічний стан підшлункової залози сирійських золотавих хом'яків на тлі МС метаболічного синдрому, індукованого гіперкалорійною дієтою. Матеріали і методи. Метаболічний синдром моделювали шляхом утримання золотавих хом'яків-самців віком 20 тижнів на гіперкалорійній дієті, що збагачена джерелами енергії (містила 29 % жирів-переважно насичені ліпіди) та фруктозою (1 г на добу на 100 г маси тіла) протягом 6 тижнів. Сухий екстракт імбиру дозою 80 мг/кг, збір «Арфазетин» дозою 16 мл/кг та таблетки метформіну дозою 60 мг/кг уводили внутрішньошлунково один раз на день, починаючи з 4 тижня експерименту протягом 14 днів. На гістологічних зрізах підшлункової залози визначали загальну кількість панкреатичних острівців у мікропрепараті, вимірювали їх площу, проводили розподіл острівців на дрібні, середні та великі, визначали відсоткову частку кожної категорії панкреатичних острівців та стан β-клітин в них. Результати. Тривале споживання хом'яками їжі, багатої на жири та вуглеводи, призводить до розвитку стану переддіабету, який характеризується морфологічним пригніченням інсулярного апарату: збільшення відносної частки дрібних та зменшення частки середніх панкреатичних острівців, зниженням наявності β-клітин та посиленням їх деструкції. За морфологічними характеристиками встановлено, що введення сухого екстракту імбиру дозою 80 мг/кг хом'якам з метаболічним синдромом відновлює стан панкреатичних острівців, їх площу, та α-клітини підшлункової залози до рівня інтактних тварин. Фармакологічний ефект сухого екстракту імбиру, ймовірніше за все, обумовлений фенольними сполуками, що входять до його складу-гінгеролом та шогаолом, які, можливо, модулюють вивільнення інсуліну за рахунок антиоксидантної дії. Висновки. За виразністю протекторної дії сухий екстракт імбиру переважає препарати порівнянняметформін у дозі 60 мг/кг та збір «Арфазетин» у дозі 16 мл/кг. Отримані результати свідчать про перспективність подальшого експериментального та клінічного вивчення фармакологічних властивостей сухого екстракту імбиру з метою створення ефективного антидіабетичного фітопрепарату Ключові слова: метаболічний синдром, висококалорійна дієта, сухий екстракт імбиру, підшлункова залоза, гістологічне дослідження

Aim. To study experimentally the hypolipidemic properties of Ginger extract against the background of type 2 diabetes. Materials and methods. The study of the hypolipidemic properties of Ginger extract was performed by the lipid metabolism indices on the model of type 2 diabetes induced by dexamethasone in rats aged 18 months.Results and discussion. Experimental type 2 diabetes was accompanied with disorder of the lipid metabolism, it was confirmed by the increase of the content triacylglycerides, atherogenic apoB-lipoproteins with simultaneous reduction of high-density lipoproteins and increased release of free fatty acids from the adipose tissue. Under the effect of Ginger extract in the doses of 50 and 80 mg/kg the level of free fatty acids in the blood serum decreased by 38.4 % and 38.9 %, probably due to correction of insulin resistance manifestations and preservation of the insulin control effect on lipolysis. The reliable inhibition of hypertriacylglycerolemia severity by Ginger extract in the dose of 80 mg/kg by 35.1% correlated with a decrease of apoB-LP production in the liver, and it indicated correction of diabetic dyslipidemia. At the same time, the level of the antiatherogenic fraction -high-density lipoproteins -significantly increased by 26.1 and 29.5 % under the effect of the extract in the doses of 50 and 80 mg/kg, respectively, compared to the values of animals of the control pathology. Ginger extract in the dose of 80 mg/kg showed a more expressive ability to normalize the lipid metabolism at the level of the reference drug -"Arphasetin" herbal medicinal product.Conclusions. Introduction of Ginger extract for 14 days in the doses of 50 and 80 mg/kg on the model of type 2 diabetes induced by dexamethasone was accompanied with a reliable normalization of the lipid metabolism. The use of Ginger extract in the dose of 80 mg/kg is most pronounced at the level of the reference drug -"Arphasetin" herbal medicinal product, corrected the pathological changes in the lipid metabolism characteristic for type 2 diabetes. It allows making a conclusion concerning the feasibility of further studies of the extract exactly in this dose and the prospects of its use as an antiatherogenic drug in the complex treatment of type 2 diabetes.Key words: Ginger extract; type 2 diabetes mellitus; dexamethasone; hypolipidemic action Н. М. Кононенко, В. В. Чікіткіна, М. В. Сорокіна, М. О. Остапець Дослідження гіполіпідемічних властивостей естракту імбиру на моделі цукрового діабету 2 типу, індукованого дексаметазономМета -експериментальне дослідження гіполіпідемічних властивостей екстракту імбиру на тлі ЦД 2 типу. Матеріали та методи. Дослідження гіполіпідемічних властивостей екстракту імбиру проводили за показни-ками ліпідного обміну на моделі ЦД 2 типу, індукованого дексаметазоном у щурів 18-місячного віку.Результати та їх обговорення. Експериментальний ЦД 2 типу супроводжувався порушенням ліпідного обміну, що підтверджувалось зростанням триацилгліцеридів, вмісту атерогенних апоВ-ліпопротеїнів за умови одночасного знижен...

The aim. The aim of the work was to analyze the pharmaceutical fragments as components of the global problem of antibiotic resistance, to evaluate this aspect from the point of view of applied ecopharmacy and to propose solutions to this issue. Materials and methods. Research materials – the results of a survey of pharmacy specialists. Analytical-comparative, system, logical, mathematical-statistical methods and the method of expert survey of specialists were used. At the first stage of the study, an expert survey of practical pharmacy workers was conducted in order to identify fixed points of correlation between such components as «practical pharmacy» – «antibiotic resistance» – «ecopharmacy». The second stage included the identification of positions at which it is necessary to develop additional informational training activities aimed at reducing antibiotic resistance. Results. According to the results of an expert survey of specialists of the pharmaceutical sector of Ukraine (Kharkiv, Poltava, Vinnytsia, Chernihiv regions) on key issues of antibiotic resistance from the position of ecopharmacy, it was established that over 90 % of antibacterial drugs are sold without a prescription and are not accompanied by adequate pharmaceutical care. The awareness of pharmacy specialists of the potential dangers from uncontrolled intake of antibacterial drugs rises with an increase in their level of professional competence. Not one of the respondents during the release of an antibacterial drug does not indicate how to dispose of the remaining doses of the drug, what danger does the improper utilization of unsuitable antibiotics to the ecosystem of the region. Conclusions. According to the results of the research conducted among practical pharmacy experts, conclusions can be drawn about the low level of awareness of the impact of antibacterial drugs on the ecology of the environment; identified key positions for which additional information is needed (antibiotic resistance, ecopharmacy, pharmaceutical care), not only in the form of planned advanced training courses, but also additionally in the format of distance education, seminars, conferences

The effect of the Ginger dry extract on the indicators of the carbohydrate metabolism under conditions of the experimental metabolic syndrome in Syrian golden hamsters Aim. To study the effect of the ginger dry extract on the indicators of the carbohydrate metabolism in the experimental metabolic syndrome.Materials and methods. The effect of the ginger dry extract on the carbohydrate metabolism was determined by the level of basal glycemia, basal insulinemia, HOMA-IR index, HbA1c level, the glycogen content in the liver and the body weight against the background of the metabolic syndrome induced by a high-calorie diet in Syrian golden hamsters.Results and discussion. Consumption of high-calorie food for 6 weeks led to development of the metabolic syndrome, it was confirmed by an increase in the body weight, hyperglycemia, compensatory insulinemia, insulin resistance, increased glycogenolysis in the liver and glycosylation of proteins. The use of the ginger dry extract in the dose of 80 mg/kg over the period of 14 days reliably reduced blood glucose by 43.3 % and normalized insulinemia by 32.8 % affecting a decrease in the HOMA-IR index. The introduction of the ginger extract in the dose of 80 mg/kg was also accompanied by suppression of protein glycosylation by 29.6 % and restoration of glycogen-forming function of the liver. By its ability to restore the carbohydrate metabolism the ginger dry extract in the dose of 80 mg/kg did not differ from metformin and exceeded the effectiveness of the herbal drug "Arphasetin". It is probably due to the powerful complex pharmacological action of phenolic compounds of ginger -gingerols and other components.Conclusions. On the experimental model of the metabolic syndrome the use of the ginger dry extract normalized blood glucose, insulinemia, decreased insulin resistance and restored the glycogen content in the liver at the level of metformin. By the intensity of the pharmacological action the ginger extract exceeded the reference herbal drug "Arphasetin". This fact is the basis for its further pharmacological study as a promising agent for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Вплив сухого екстракту імбиру на показники вуглеводного обміну за умови експериментального метаболічного синдрому у сирійських золотавих хом'ячківМета -вивчення впливу сухого екстракту імбиру на показники вуглеводного обміну за умови експеримен-тального метаболічного синдрому.Матеріали та методи. Визначення впливу сухого екстракту імбиру на вуглеводний обмін проводили за рівнем базальної глікемії, базальної інсулінемії, індексом HOMA-IR, рівнем HbA1c, вмістом глікогену у печінці та масою тіла на тлі метаболічного синдрому, індукованого висококалорійною дієтою у сирійських золотавих хом'ячків.Результати та їх обговорення. Споживання висококалорійної їжі впродовж 6 тижнів призводило до роз-витку метаболічного синдрому, що підтверджувалось збільшенням маси тіла, гіперглікемією, компенсаторною інсулінемією, інсулінорезистентністю, посиленням процесів глікогенолізу у печінці та глік...