No abstract

An intense source of 37 Ar was produced by the (n, α) reaction on 40 Ca by irradiating 330 kg of calcium oxide in the fast neutron breeder reactor at Zarechny, Russia. The 37 Ar was released from the solid target by dissolution in acid, collected from this solution, purified, sealed into a small source, and brought to the Baksan Neutrino Observatory where it was used to irradiate 13 tonnes of gallium metal in the Russian-American gallium solar neutrino experiment SAGE. Ten exposures of the gallium to the source, whose initial strength was 409 ± 2 kCi, were carried out during the period April to September 2004. The 71 Ge produced by the reaction 71 Ga(ν e , e − ) 71 Ge was extracted, purified, and counted. The measured production rate was 11.0 +1.0 −0.9 (stat) ± 0.6 (syst) atoms of 71 Ge/d, which is 0.79 +0.09 −0.10 of the theoretically calculated production rate. When all neutrino source experiments with gallium are considered together, there is an indication the theoretical cross section has been overestimated.

A safe and efficient synthesis of 4,7-dibromo[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-d]pyridazine from the commercial diaminomaleonitrile is reported. Conditions for selective aromatic nucleophilic substitution of one or two bromine atoms by oxygen and nitrogen nucleophiles are found, whereas thiols formed the bis-derivatives only. Buchwald-Hartwig or Ullmann techniques are successful for incorporation of a weak nitrogen base, such as carbazole, into the [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-d]pyridazine core. The formation of rather stable S…η2-(N=N) bound chains in 4,7-bis(alkylthio)-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-d]pyridines makes these compounds promising for the design of liquid crystals.

The problem of providing an integrated scientific, methodological and information support of the innovation process, covering all its stages including the creative phase, at which novelties are created (solving the problem of conceptual design), is considered. The generic heurorithm (heuristic algorithm) of the innovation management serves as the methodological basis for the implementation of the information support and management innovation system. It is a standard program tool for corporative innovation infrastructure for use in universities, and is intended for describing, accounting and management of ideas at different stages of the innovation cycle. Heurorithm has a modular structure and is represented by a graphical notation systems working schemes. Its schemes reflect a variety of means to support innovation: scientific and methodological support, methods, instructional materials, information resources and a program toolkit (including components of information support and innovation management system). These means correspond to the heuristic components of activities and heuristic information facilities: weakly formalized creative processes and experience gained during their realization. Availability and detailing of heuristics generated and used at different stages of the innovation process for its intensification, is one of the main differences between the developed heurorithm and known organizational charts of innovative activity. On the basis of the generic heurorithm in the system of information support and innovation management an interactive navigator on the stages of the innovation process and means of its support is developed. The research was conducted at the financial support of the state e represented by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (the unique identifier of the research work RFMEFI57314X0007).

This paper presents an improved synthesis of 4,7-dibromobenzo[d][1,2,3]thiadiazole from commercially available reagents. According to quantum-mechanical calculations, benzo[d][1,2,3]thiadiazole (isoВТD) has higher values of ELUMO and energy band gap (Eg), which indicates high electron conductivity, occurring due to the high stability of the molecule in the excited state. We studied the cross-coupling reactions of this dibromide and found that the highest yields of π-spacer–acceptor–π-spacer type compounds were obtained by means of the Stille reaction. Therefore, 6 new structures of this type have been synthesized. A detailed study of the optical and electrochemical properties of the obtained π-spacer–acceptor–π-spacer type compounds in comparison with isomeric structures based on benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (BTD) showed a red shift of absorption maxima with lower absorptive and luminescent capacity. However, the addition of the 2,2′-bithiophene fragment as a π-spacer resulted in an unexpected increase of the extinction coefficient in the UV/vis spectra along with a blue shift of both absorption maxima for the isoBTD-based compound as compared to the BTD-based compound. Thus, a thorough selection of components in the designing of appropriate compounds with benzo[d][1,2,3]thiadiazole as an internal acceptor can lead to promising photovoltaic materials.