Various conceptual approaches to Russian Federation scientific sphere reforming and its adaptation to market conditions are analyzed on the basis of previously unpublished archival documents, statistical data and other materials; they assess the reaction of the academic community and the heads of large enterprises to the activities carried out by the government in the framework of developed program implementation. The conclusion is drawn that the results of the policy carried out during 1990s in Russian science are catastrophic ones in general. The country developed a fundamental contradiction between the purpose of science and the practical use of its achievements to overcome the crisis. The projects and recommendations of leading scientists were ignored. The programs were declarative ones, funding was reduced sharply, which led to the intensification of the "brain drain" process, the disintegration of scientific schools, and the degradation of production.
The relevance of the study is due to the importance of digitalization of the country's fuel and energy complex. On the basis of archival data and a study of the assessments of leading experts, the author considers the problem of the decline in innovative activity in the fuel and energy complex (FEC) of the Russian Federation in the context of liberal reforms implemented in the 1990s. As a result of the analysis of documents, statistical data and other materials, it was proved that investment programs were cur-tailed, drilling in the oil and gas industry was reduced to a minimum, and social problems were growing. Particular attention is paid to identifying the reasons for the decline in innovative activity. The conclusion is made that the crisis situation in the fuel and energy complex, the lack of adequate funding has deprived scientists of the opportunity to develop at a level adequate to the requirements of the modern world energy market. The question is raised about the interaction of the heads of the fuel and energy complex with the central state bodies, which were increasingly complicated due to the increasing tax pressure. It is proved that in the conditions of a general crisis of non-payments, enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, having no free funds, practically stopped provisions to the fund for financing re-search and development work (R&D). The stake on the emergence of “effective managers”, attraction of foreign capital, and a system of unaddressed budgetary support for R&D has not justified itself. Import dependence grew, which has not yet been fully overcome.
The paper analyzes the situation that has been developed after the collapse of the former USSR in the scientific and technical complex of the Russian Federation, which, according to the authors, developed from a crisis situation to a catastrophic one. The conclusion is drawn that its degradation was caused not only by the general paralysis of the socioeconomic sphere, and also by the lack of a conceptually elaborated state industrial, scientific and technical and innovation policy, by the weakness of the legal framework and the erroneous priorities chosen at that time by the reformers. In general, the state scientific and technical policy in the period under review was characterized by inconsistency and persistently unrealized plans.
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