This study evaluates the effectiveness of superficial electromyography (sEMG) in the development of biocontrolled exoskeletons, through an analysis based on the findings of foreign and domestic literature on the subject. A brief historical background is provided. The features reviewed include the registration, processing and analysis of the signals from superficial electromyograms in respect of biocontrol. It is demonstrated that testing exoskeleton devices in association with sEMG provides an informative analytical tool for assisting in the optimization of exoskeleton design in order to reduce the metabolic "cost" of locomotion. The use of signals from superficial myograms during the operation of an exoskeleton have also been reviewed. The role of myography in studies of the fundamental physical processes involved while adapting to an exoskeleton is described. We conclude that the potential for the use of sEMG in respect of biocontrol is related to the new technical and mathematical possibilities available for the registration, transformation and classification of bioelectrical signals from the muscles, and the isolation of their patterns of muscular activity.
In rehabilitation of patients who have lost their ability to move independently due to the paralysis of lower limbs, using exoskeletons is a perspective direction. In recent years a great number of robotic devices improving walking of people with lower paraparesis have been developed. However, their comparison is hindered since there are no standardized approaches to the assessment of their efficiency and safety. In this review, general principles of evaluating external robotic devices have been presented, and methods of determining safety and convenience of exoskeleton usage have been analyzed. Assessment of qualitative and quantitative parameters of exoskeletonassisted walking has also been considered. The characteristic of the questionnaires, standard tests and biochemical investigations, which are used in approbation of exoskeletal devices in people with paraplegia has been presented. Possible ways of evaluating energy expenditure when moving in exoskeletons are shown. The need of elaborating a unified evaluation strategy of walking in exoskeletons has been substantiated.Key words: exoskeleton; assessment of walking; approbation of exoskeleton devices; paralysis of the lower limbs.
The review is devoted to integration of innovative virtual reality technologies in the complex of medical rehabilitation of patients with disabilities. The analysis of data presented in modern domestic and foreign literature proves the effectiveness of using these technologies for recovery of impaired motor functions in patients of various ages with nervous and musculoskeletal system pathologies and gives evidence of their corrective effect on neurophysiological motor deficiency. Evaluation of the achieved results from the perspective of evidence-based medicine confirms the feasibility of using a personalized approach to targeting and controlling the dosage of virtual technologies in the complex of rehabilitation measures.
The development of new rehabilitation approaches to neurological and traumatological patients requires understanding of normal and pathological movement patterns. Biomechanical analysis of video images is the most accurate method of investigation and quantitative assessment of human normal and pathological locomotion. The review of currently available methods and systems of optical human motion analysis used in clinical practice is presented here. Short historical background is provided. Locomotion kinematics analysis using passive marker based systems is reviewed with special attention to the gait analysis. Clinical application of optical motion capture and analysis systems in the diagnosis of locomotion impairment, in Parkinson's disease with movement control disorders, stroke sequelae, monitoring of motor function rehabilitation in patients with infantile cerebral paralysis, limb joint endo-and exoprosthetics and some other disorders is described.
This study provides an overview of the recent literature regarding the assessment methods of the functional state of the locomotor system in children with cerebral palsy. The objective methods of quantitative assessment of motor disorders in cerebral palsy are presented, including the measurement of stability, biomechanical assessment of walking, and video analysis of movements. The influence of the cognitive load on the ability to maintain the vertical posture in children with cerebral palsy as well as the changes in the stability of the vertical posture with closed eyes were observed. Changes in the walking parameters with an increase in the speed were also recorded in children with cerebral palsy.
Methods that assess hand motion in children with cerebral palsy include tests involving the moving of objects, tests for speed assessment in joint movements, and video analysis of motions.
The methods and tests for such an evaluation require to be valid and reliable, allowing an objective assessment of the severity of motor disorders in cerebral palsy.
Analyzing the brain bioelectrical activity by EEG at rest is a simple and accessible method of research in children. Spectral EEG analysis can identify areas where certain types of activity, that reflect the excitation and inhibition balance, are predominant. Research is complicated by the lack of biological tests for the diagnosis of autism, the illness is diagnosed by clinical characteristics only. Thus, the gold standard of diagnostics is ADOS-2, a technique that assesses the severity of social communication deficits and stereotypical behavior in a child by observing his/her play and interaction. The aim of the study was to assess the EEG spectral characteristics for their correlation with the ADOS-2 score that reflects the severity of autistic manifestations. Materials and Methods. Eighteen children with a confirmed diagnosis of "childhood autism" were examined using ADOS-2. To assess the severity of autism manifestations, we used the comparative ADOS-2 score. Resting state EEG was collected for all subjects with subsequent calculation of the relative spectral power. Results. The examined children showed various degrees of autism, and their comparative ADOS-2 score ranged from 4 to 10. A positive correlation of the comparative score with the EEG spectral power at several leads was revealed. The best correlation was found in the beta range of EEG: the higher the beta activity level, the more pronounced the autistic manifestations. The result indicates that the imbalance between excitation and inhibition is gradually involved in the pathogenesis of autism. Therefore, the spectral power value in the beta range can be potentially used as a dynamic indicator of autism when behavioral changes are difficult to assess. Conclusion. The relative EEG spectral power in the beta range positively correlates with the ADOS-2 comparative score and therefore can serve as a dynamic biomarker of autism.
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