1840–1850-ті роки були важливим періодом для розуміння результатів попередньої і перспектив подальшої політики в Російській імперії у «єврейському питанні». Від першої «зустрічі» з єврейськими підданими імперська бюрократія намагалась їх «покращити», в межах Смуги осілості. Неодноразово влада намагалась контролювати єврейські громади шляхом руйнування їхніх самоврядних інститутів або боротьби з «єврейським одягом». Дослідники часто писали про те, що імперська влада не так багато знала про своїх підданих. Аналіз джерел показує нам, що влада була достатньо поінформована про різні аспекти життя єврейського населення. Ця інформація надходила до вищих кіл бюрократії через постійну комунікацію з представниками на місцях. Важливими інформантами ставали члени єврейських громад, які мали власні мотивації та історії. Знання не означало толерантності у ставленні бюрократії до єврейських підданих. Принаймні для частини істеблішменту було характерним сприйняття євреїв, яке можна описати як орієнталізм і расизм. Однак у середині XIX ст. перевагу мали ті представники влади, які мали іншу позицію. З кінця 1850-х і до початку 1880-х рр. тривала політика «злиття», індивідуальної емансипації для євреїв, із можливістю залишити Смугу осілості.
The article examines the history of establishment of the Kharkiv Practical Technological Institute in the broad context of modernization processes. The history of the Practical Technological Institute in Kharkiv is considered in the context of socio-economic changes in the South of the Russian Empire, primarily in the "Ukrainian provinces", in the last third of XIX – early XX centuries. The methodological basis of the article is the modernization approach. Changes that took place in the Russian Empire in the last third of the XIX – early XX century are considered as a modernization movement. Modernization is understood as a complex number of transformations that society is undergoing on the path of development from traditional agricultural to urban and industrial. We proceed from the fact that modern society of that time was aware of the speed of industrial production, the need for qualified engineering personnel. The training of such personnel required the opening of local higher education institutions. The processes of industrialization, migration and urbanization, due to the modernization theory, were the main components of social development in the XIX century. The approach chosen by the authors allowed to analyze the formation of higher technical institutions in the Russian Empire, on the example of the Kharkiv Practical Institute of Technology, within these changes. The approach within the new imperial history enabled us to take into account the socio-political subtext of the situation and the decisions that contributed to the establishment of technical universities in the south of the empire. An important aspect of our article is the European context. We investigated the general tendencies of opening similar to Kharkiv educational institutions. We can see certain commonalities, which allows us to explore the problem more deeply. We came to the conclusion that, the emergence of a higher technical educational institution ‒ Kharkiv Practical Technological Institute, in Kharkiv was due to the demand of local elites, which was met by the highest bureaucracy of St. Petersburg, as well as the situation in the city itself. This compromise did not cancel the rivalry, both at the highest bureaucratic level – the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of National Education, and at the regional level, in particular Kharkiv university elite and the inspirers of the idea of a separate technical institution.
Definitions and methods of designing interval type-2 fuzzy sets in fuzzy inference systems for control problems of complex technical objects in conditions of uncertainty are considered. The main types of uncertainties, that arise when designing fuzzy inference systems and depend on the number of expert assessments, are described. Methods for assessing intra-uncertainty and inter-uncertainty are proposed, taking into account the different number of expert assessments at the stage of determining the types and number of membership functions. Factors influencing the parameters and properties of interval type-2 fuzzy during experimental studies are determined. Such factors include the number of experiments performed, external factors, technical parameters of the control object, and the reliability of the components of the computer system decision support system. The properties of the lower and upper membership functions of interval type-2 fuzzy sets are investigated on the example of the Gaussian membership function, which is one of the most used in the problems of fuzzy inference systems design. The main features and differences in the methods of determining the lower and upper membership functions of interval type-2 fuzzy sets for different types of uncertainties are taken into account. Methods for determining the footprint of uncertainty, as well as the dependence of its size on the number of expert assessments, are considered. The footprint of uncertainty is characterized by the lower and upper membership functions, and its size directly affects the accuracy of the obtained solutions. Methods for determining interval type-2 fuzzy sets using regulation factors of membership function parameters for intra-uncertainty and weighting factors of membership functions for inter-uncertainties have been developed. The regulation factor of the function parameters can be used to describe the lower and upper membership functions while determining the size of the footprint of uncertainty. Complex interval type-2 sets are determined to take into account inter-uncertainties in the problems of fuzzy inference systems design.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.