The reorganization of the world and its globalization, a new turn of migration processes led to the appearance of problems that had not previously disturbed into the modern society. Consequently, nowadays there is a need to study the historical past so that we could understand the modern trends. The origin of modern problems, phenomena, processes and, especially, their appearance can be traced using the example of economic and political systems that have existed before. In this regard, it would be especially interesting to trace the specific aspects of modern taxation, why the Eastern and European tax collection systems occurred to be different, what influenced the formation of the mechanism of tax collection in different countries in the past, and, most importantly, how the interaction of the Asian and European taxation systems created the specifics of tax collection in the "middle" countries of Eastern Europe. The presented article is devoted to the analysis of the development of the taxation system of the feudal states of Eastern Europe such as Volga Bulgaria, Ulus Dzhuchi and the Kazan vilayet in the first half of the 16th century. While comparing them with the fiscal systems of the countries of the Muslim East, using the reports of Arab-Persian travelers, information from the Russian sources and information from Khan yarlyks, the authors analyze the diversity in the evolution of the of tax system and the extortion of a huge part of the population of Eastern Europe.
The article is devoted to the problem of originating towns in the east of medieval Europe. The authors particularly focus on the attributes of the medieval feudal town in the Volga-Kama region. The unclear criteria for the socio-historical interpretation of Bulgar hillforts present significant problems not only to distinguish towns from the total number of fortified settlements, but also to draw a line between large, medium-sized and small towns. To identify small towns, it is necessary to rely not only on such well-known criteria as the area of a fortified settlement, the features of topography, the layout of defensive fortifications, but also to consider the specific features of the origin, the structure of the population and the functions of towns. The main problem lies at the methodological level as due to the informative lack of the available written sources, such a historical and cultural phenomenon as the Bulgar town is mainly studied by using archaeological methods. As a rule, most small towns appeared much earlier than the settlements of the surrounding rural population. Almost all of them were located along rivers and land trade routes, so their main functions were to control those vital economic and military routes. Moreover, the small towns in the Kama region had served as land centers since the Pre-Mongol period. In contrast to the medium-sized towns, most small towns have preserved their historical names. The data given in the article have taken account of the number of Pre-Mongol towns in Volga Bulgaria.
В Музее археологии и истории Татарстана Елабужского института КФУ и Краеведческом комплексе Елабужского государственного музея-заповедника экспонируется интересный комплекс предметов вооружения из болгарских памятников Восточного Предкамья и Восточного Закамья. Большая часть изделий происходит из раскопов, но присутствуют и «случайно обнаруженные» находки. В статье дается описание наиболее характерных предметов вооружения ближнего боя. Особый интерес вызывают 2 сабли из памятников нижнего течения р. Зай. Одна из сабель более характерна для болгар, другая, с несколько поздней датировкой, имела широкое распространение у народов Степи. Большим типологическим разнообразием представлены топоры, чего нельзя сказать о наконечниках копий. Время максимального распространения большинства находок не выходит за рамки домонгольского периода. Данный комплекс оружия показывает сложный процесс эволюции военного дела болгар в течении всего домонгольского и золотоордынского периодов.
1 августа 2021 г. исполняется 70 лет Фаязу Шариповичу Хузину, видному российскому ученому, доктору исторических наук, члену-корреспонденту Академии наук Республики Татарстан, главному научному сотруднику Института археологии им. А.Х. Халикова, лауреату Государственной премии РТ в области науки и техники, Заслуженному деятелю науки РТ. С именем Ф.Ш. Хузина связаны выдающиеся достижения в изучении средневековой булгаро-татарской археологии и истории конца ХХ – начала XXI вв. Наиболее значимый вклад ученый внес в изучение Биляра, средневековой Казани, Алабуги, Кирмени, Джукетау, Сувара, Чаллы и других булгаро-татарских памятников. Ф.Ш. Хузиным принципиально обновлена источниковая база для изучения средневековья Волго-Уральского региона, разработаны новые научные методы датировки исторических городов России.
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