The paper attempts to find the solution of the problem of improving the quality of scientific research by candidate and doctor of sciences applicants with institutional economic theory research tools. The dissertation research economic institution analysis has revealed the institutional trap in its structure which distorts real goals and objectives of scientific research of young scientists. The comparative study of quantitative indexes of post-graduate system in Russia, European Union and USA is presented in the paper. The directions of modernization of post-graduate education in Russia are proposed.
Цель: тестирование сферы высшего образования на предмет наличия институциональных ловушек в условиях глубокой трансформации сферы высшего образования и науки в России, снижающих эффективность ее функционирования. Методы: нарративный анализ, основанный на анализе поведенческих практик экономических агентов, выявленных в различных публикациях и представляющих прямую речь автора касательно очерченного круга научных и практических проблем, в рамках методологии институциональной экономической теории. Результаты: проведен обзор теоретических подходов к трактовке феномена «институциональная ловушка», продемонстрировавший эволюцию данной категории от «эффекта блокировки» в англоязычной научной экономической литературе к устойчивому неэффективному институту в русскоязычном сегменте экономической теории. Выявлено, что одним из наиболее обсуждаемых вопросов является проблема неэффективной трансформации институтов, выявление ее причин. Систематизированы представления ученых о некоторых видах институциональных ловушек, присущих российской экономике. На основе анализа нарративов проведено масштабное исследование поведенческих практик экономических агентов, в результате которого выявлены и классифицированы группы институциональных ловушек сферы высшего образования и науки Российской Федерации. Установлено, что несовершенство системы финансирования образования вызывает проблемы с обеспечением качества в системе оплаты труда, грантовой поддержке ученых. Разрозненность и противоречивость управленческих решений привела к превращению аспирантуры в ступень высшего образования, нарушению логики научных кадров. В качестве ловушки метрик определена системная установка на критерии оценки, рейтинга и иные количественные показатели, приводящая к замещению качества количеством. Установка на цифровизацию и информатизацию учебного процесса повлекла за собой превращение образования в механизм простой передачи информации. Научная новизна: на основе проведенного глубокого нарративного анализа выявлены и описаны наиболее характерные группы институциональных ловушек, присущие российской сфере высшего образования и науки, такие как финансовые ловушки, ловушки администрирования, ловушки метрик, ловушки электронизации и цифровизации, а также системообразующая ловушка мотивации, базирующаяся на эффекте асимметрии институциональной мотивации рыночных агентов. Практическая значимость: полученные результаты могут быть использованы для уточнения государственной политики в области высшего образования и науки в направлении устранения и превенции институциональных ловушек с целью повышения ее эффективности, а также при разработке различных программ развития данной сферы органами государственной власти.Ключевые слова: экономика и управление народным хозяйством; высшее образование и наука; институты; институциональные ловушки; нарративы; нарративный анализ в экономике Благодарность: cтатья подготовлена при поддержке Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований, грант № 18-010-00581 «Институциональные ловушки оптимизации сферы образования и науки». Конфликт и...
The present paper is devoted to the Russian ineffective higher education and science institutions functioning study and analysis. We consider such institutions to be institutional traps, which are identified as sustainable inefficient rules and practices with the negative impact for education and science sphere reforms and transformations. The lack of the methodology base for regular institutional monitoring is one of the reasonable issues to institutional traps study. Such institutional monitoring should consist of qualitative and quantitative studies to find out the higher education and science sphere representatives points of view on the reforms results. To find out the solution and to improve the research methodology we used in-depth interview surveys and focus group discussions with lecturers and scientists of the Southern Federal University. This methodology let us to improve the institutional traps study and to design the way to come over the difficulties and barriers considering the ideas and experience of the sphere representatives. The responders involved in the present research were suggested by the six following institutional traps to discuss: the metric's trap, the trap of raising level of bureaucracy, the trap of shortage of financing, the quality of education decline trap, the trap of staff capacity and the electronization and digitalization trap.
Given article is devoted features of the decision of a problem of planning of a route of a pilotless flying machine (UAV). The decision of a considered problem is offered to be carried out in two consecutive stages. At the first stage calculation of optimum closed route UAV is carried out. Thus as an efficiency indicator the fuel resource, and as criterion of an optimality of a route a minimum of the general expense of fuel is accepted. Efficiency of the received decision is estimated in relation to the known algorithm LinKernighan realised in application Concorde 1.1. At the second stage by means of the developed algorithm updating of found route UAV taking into account an available stock of fuel is carried out, i.e. The question on returning UAV or after replenishment of a stock of fuel in intermediate point of continuation of flight of the remained sites is solved.
Given article is devoted features of the decision of a problem of integer nonlinear programming, by means of developed neural network method and algorithm of nonlinear optimization of means «decision Search» tabular processor Microsoft Excel. In offered neural network method the task in view decision is made by means of a recurrent neural network (RNN) matrix architecture with m neurons in each line and n neurons in each column. All neurons such network are connected with each other by communications, and the signal from an exit neuron can move on its input. Neural network method is characterized by that on inputs mentioned RNN the entrance vector of values of parameters of optimized nonlinear criterion function of a problem of distribution of a non-uniform resource moves, calculation of values of weight factors connected among themselves neurons is carried out and signal RNN is formed. This signal by means of nonlinear function will be transformed to the discrete target signal characterizing values quasi-optimal of the decision of the mentioned problem which size changes from 0 to 1. The estimation of efficiency of the decision of a considered problem was carried out at its various values of an indicator of efficiency on the basis of developed imitating model RNN. As indicators of efficiency of application offered neural network method were used – an average relative error and time of the decision of a problem. The value received by means of algorithm of nonlinear optimization of means was accepted to the exact decision «decision Search» tabular processor Microsoft Excel. The analysis of the received results of the experimental researches, offered neural network method, has allowed to make the conclusion that in comparison with an existing method of nonlinear optimization of tabular processor Microsoft Excel use offered neural network method allows essentially (in 9,4 times) to lower time of the decision of a problem dimension 10 × 8 (m × n) and thus to provide accuracy of its decision not less than 99,8 %.
Subject. The article addresses money in modern economics. Objectives. The aim is to examine the evolution of forms and functions of money, make a comparative analysis of views of various economic schools on the essence and content of the phenomenon of money, define the most relevant scientific approach enabling to adequately interpret the “money” category in the context of modern realities. Methods. We performed a comparative analysis of economic and theoretical approaches to the interpretation, functions, and evolution of money. Results. The paper demonstrates boundaries of the difference between electronic and digital money, presents our own vision of the "cryptocurrency" category, defines the affiliation of certain functions of money to the corresponding types. When analyzing money from the angle of institutional economic theory, we note that the search for tools to minimize transaction costs in transactions leads to the evolution of forms of money and the emergence of new forms and sub-types, in particular, cryptocurrencies. As a result, we show the transformation of a number of functions of money, and formulate our own definition of the institution of money. Conclusions. The formalization of the bearer of the institution of money comes from the transformation of certain monetary functions. The main results and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific and pedagogical activities, when considering issues about the essence of money.
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