Purpose To compare the efficacy and safety of left atrial ablation (LAA) with those of biatrial ablation (BA) in patients with long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) in common with CABG. Background AF is the most common heart rhythm disorder, while CAD is the most common cardiovascular disease. Chronic coronary syndrome and atrial fibrillation coexist in many patients. Long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) is frequent pathology in patients undergoing CABG. Surgical ablation in such patients is currently an effective treatment of AF. Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) may reduce AF recurrences in 70% of patients with paroxysmal form of AF. However, the efficacy of ablation in patients with long-standing persistent AF is rather low. Clinical studies have shown that the right atrium can also be involved in the AF initiation and maintenance. Areas localized in both atrias are characterized by rapid electrical activity, which is critical in the AF persistence. Therefore, we have hypothesized that in long-standing persistent AF BA could be more effective than isolated LAA. Methods Between 2016 and 2019, 116 patients with long-standing persistent AF and CAD who underwent open-heart surgery were included in this single blind prospective randomized study and divided into two groups: 58 patients in group 1 underwent isolated LAA + CABG, and group II (58 patients) - BA + CABG. All the patients had Reveal LINQ ICM System (Medtronic, USA) implanted during the index procedure. The mean age was 65 [61; 67.75] years versus 62 [58; 66] years (p=0.050) and 83% versus 84% (p>0.999) were men in BA and LAA groups, respectively. The follow-up time was 22±3 months for two groups. The primary endpoint was freedom from AF during 24-month follow-up based on 24-hour Holter monitoring ECG registration and Reveal device data. Results This study has demonstrated that in CAD patients with long-standing persistent AF, PVI in combination with multiple linear lesions in the right atrium while GABG produce a significantly higher success rate than PVI alone. After 24 months, AF recurred in 38% of patients in the BA group and in 64% – in the LAA group (p=0.010). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed indicators as long axis of left atria in mm (OR 3.45, 95%; CI 1.77 to 7.64, p=0.001) in LAA group and (OR 2.02, 95%; CI 1.03 to 4.26, p=0.049) in-group BA increases the risk of AF. Chronic kidney disease (OR 2.95, 95% CI 1.05 to 9.22, p=0,048), and mitral regurgitation (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.41, p=0.047) have been found the independent predictors of AF recurrence in the LAA group. Arrhythmia on the third day after procedure increases the risk of AF (OR 3.79, 95% CI 1.45 to 10. 58, p=0.008) in the LAA group in a long-term follow-up. Conclusion The study has demonstrated that BA is more effective for treatment of long-standing persistent AF in CAD patients undergoing CABG. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None
Among patients with coronary heart disease or acquired heart valvular disease requiring surgical treatment, the prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) is up to 85%. The presence of concomitant atrial fibrillation increases the risk of postoperative complications, including fatal ones, worsens the prognosis of postoperative survival and the quality of life of patients. Surgical ablation in AF significantly prolongs the maintenance of sinus rhythm and is recommended as a concomitant procedure in patients requiring surgical correction of an open heart. To date, there is no single method for the surgical treatment of AF in the open heart surgery. Patients with ischemic heart disease or mitral valvular disease and concomitant AF are recommended for open heart ablation. Much research has been devoted to the ablation of two atria at once, which have shown their effectiveness in comparison with the ablation of an isolated left atrium, including the safety of the method of twoatrial surgical ablation. We conducted a systematic review based on meta-analyzes, randomized clinical trials, including comparative characteristics of two surgical treatments for AF in concomitant cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease and acquired heart disease. The main purpose of this review was to compare two methods (biatrial and left atrial) of ablation, as a concomitant surgical procedure for open heart surgery in patients with coronary heart disease and acquired heart disease, complicated by long-term persistent atrial fibrillation. We used PubMed, Cochrane central, Publons, and Medline search systems from March to September 2019, evaluating surgical ablation of AF, including biatrial or isolated left atrial ablation on patients requiring and going for open heart surgery. Surgical ablation of AF combined with concomitant open heart surgery has showed excellent results, where freedom from atrial fibrillation in the long-term postoperative period was noted. Among surgical ablation techniques, biatrial ablation was more effective than left atrial, although the frequency of permanent pacemaker implantation was higher in the biatrial ablation group. In most studies, endpoints important to the patient, including mortality and stroke, did not differ in both groups.
<p>Atrial fibrillation is one of the main types of arrhythmia; it leads to deterioration in haemodynamics, a decrease in patient’s quality of life, the development of complications such as stroke, a decrease in tolerance to physical stress and ultimately death. The reported prevalence of atrial fibrillation among the general population is 0.4%–1%. The incidence of atrial fibrillation has been found to increase with age such that every 10-year increase in age doubles the incidence of this disease. The incidence of coronary heart disease also increases with age. Current studies have shown an increase in concomitant diseases such as coronary heart disease and atrial fibrillation; these pose a serious health threat and increase the risk of patient death. The present review discusses surgical methods for treating long-standing, persistent atrial fibrillation in patients with coronary heart disease based on radiofrequency and cryoablation with simultaneous coronary artery bypass grafting. The present review revealed that biatrial ablation allows achieving high levels of markers that indicate atrial fibrillation recurrence-free survival following simultaneous surgical correction of coronary heart disease in the long-term postoperative period; however, patients undergoing this procedure require permanent pacemaker implantation due to the high incidence of irreversible sinus node dysfunction caused by the exposure to additional ablation lines in the right atrium. Published articles were searched from January to July 2019 using PubMed, eLIBRARY, Elsevier and MEDLINE.</p><p><strong>Funding:</strong> The study did not have sponsorship.<br /><strong>Conflict of interest:</strong> Authors declare no conflict of interest.</p><p><strong>Author contributions</strong> <br />Conception and study design: A.T. Kalybekova<br />Drafting the article: A.T. Kalybekova, A.A. Almazov<br />Critical revision of the article: A.T. Kalybekova, S.S. Rahmonov<br />Final approval of the version to be published: A.T. Kalybekova, S.S. Rahmonov, A.M. Chernyavskiy, A.A. Almazov, G.P. Narcissova, S.P. Mironenko</p>
Background A long-standing persistent form of atrial fibrillation (AF) in anamnesis, requiring surgical ablation together with coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG), significantly increases the risk of reccurence in the postoperative period. Before operation should consider the predictors of AF for long-term preservation of rhythm after surgery. Purpose To evaluate the predictors of AF recurrence on 3rd day and at discharge in patients after CABG with concomitant surgical ablation of long-standing persistent AF. Methods A prospective randomized single-center analysis was performed on patients with long-standing persistent AF, undergoing CABG with concomitant left atrial ablation (LAA) or biatrial ablation (BA) between 2016 and 2019. 116 patients were randomized into two groups: 58 in LAA+CABG, 58 in BA+CABG. The median age of the patients was 65 (IQR, 61 to 67.75) years in gr. BA and 62 (IQR, 58 to 66) in gr. LAA (Mann-Whitney U-test, p=0.050), 83% of men were in gr. BA (Fisher test, p>0.999). Predictors of AF development on day 3 were identified using multivariable logistic regression from the following baseline characteristics: myocardial infarction in anamnesis, time of artificial circulation, time of application of radiofrequency energy, the size of the left and right atrium, funcrional class of cardiac angina and heart failure, gender, age, acute cerebrovascular accident (CVA), additional intervention on the heart (operations for aortic aneurysm, mitral, aortic and tricuspid valves replacement), concomitant cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and urogenital diseases. Results Using a multivariate model of logistic regression, the following significant predictors of arrhythmias on the 3rd day in gr. BA were included: additional intervention on the heart valves (OR 63.13, p=0.001); an increase in the functional class (FC) of chronic heart failure (CHF) NYHA by 1 (OR 40.06, p=0.018); a history of CVA (OR 9.13, p=0.026). The following significant predictors of AF reccurence on the 3rd day in gr.LAA were identified: an increase in the long axis of the right atrium by 1 cm (OR 3.05, p=0.006); an increase of the FC of cardiac angina by 1 (OR 7.11, p=0.011); in women (OR 7.14, p=0.017). In BA significant predictors of AF reccurence at discharge were: an increase in the long axis of the left atrium by 1 cm (OR4.86, p=0.015); reccurence of AF on the 3rd day (OR 17.45, p=0.005); 1 year increase in age (OR 1.24, p=0.023); the presence of diabetes (OR 47.67, p=0.002). In gr. LAA the predictors at discharge were: reccurence of AF on 3rd day (OR 38.35, p=0.001); a history of CVA increases the chances of arrhythmia (OR 210.83, p=0.032). Conclusion Number of clinical and functional characteristics of a patient may be predictors of AF. We examined the predictors of reccurence of AF after surgical ablation of long-standing persistent AF with concomitant CABG. Taking them into account when choosing the optimal strategy of treatment is important. FUNDunding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.
Aim To compare the incidence of a permanent pacemaker (PP) implantation based on the chosen treatment technology (biatrial ablation, BA, or left atrial ablation (LAA) for long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) with simultaneous coronary bypass (CB).Material and methods The study included 116 patients with long-standing persistent AF and indications for CB. Patients were randomized to two equal groups (58 patients in each). Group 1 underwent BA in combination with CB; group 2 patients underwent isolated LAA with simultaneous CB under the conditions of artificial circulation. Incidence of PP implantation was assessed during the early (to 30 days) and late (to 60 months) postoperative periods.Results For the observation period, a total of 9 PPs was implanted in both groups, 6 in the BA group and 3 in the LAA group (odds ratio, OR, 0.5; 95 % confidence interval, CI, 0.1–2.4; р=0.490). During the early postoperative period, 5 patients in the BA group and 2 patients in the LAA group were implanted with PP (OR, 0.4; 95 % CI. 0–2.5; р=0.438). During the late postoperative period, one (2%) patient of the BA group was implanted with a permanent PP at 30 months of follow-up due to the development of sick sinus syndrome (SSS); also, one (2%) patient of the LAA group required PP implantation at 54 months of follow-up due to the development of SSS. The causes for PP implantation in the BA group included the development of complete atrioventricular (AV) block in 9 % of cases (95 % CI, 4–19 %); sinus node dysfunction and junctional rhythm in 2 % of cases (95 % CI, 0–9 %). Compared to this group, the LAA group showed a statistically significant difference in the incidence of AV block (0 cases, р=0.047). The major cause for PP implantation in the LAA group was the development of sinus node dysfunction in 3 (5 %) patients (95 % CI, 2–14 %).Conclusion The use of BA in surgical treatment of long-standing persistent AF with simultaneous myocardial revascularization is associated with a high risk of AV block, which requires permanent PP implantation in the postoperative period. Total incidence of permanent PP implantation for dysfunction of the cardiac conduction system following the combination surgical treatment of long-standing persistent AF and IHD, either CB and LAA or BA, did not differ between the treatment groups both in early and late postoperative periods.
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