The article analyzes the nine-year experience of the effectiveness of the use of the herbicide Roundup (based on glyphosate) in the growing edges in protective forest belts and on skid roads. Options for chemical growth control of various species in comparison with mechanical ones have been studied for the first time in the conditions of Stone Steppe, which is considered to be the best created system of protective afforestation in Russia. The characteristics of the herbicide, the principle of action and the method of its application are given. It was found that shoots do not appear in all subsequent years, and the process of stump destruction begins at 3 years after treatment of stumps of freshly cut trees with this preparation. In comparison with other chemical methods, it has minimal labor and money costs for its application. Thus, the efficiency of the method for treating fresh stumps with herbicide is the highest one. After processing, undergrowth is partially formed, depressed and dies off the next year. It has been found that this method reduces labor costs by 17 times, and the labor cost - by 6.7 times in comparison with mechanical treatment.
No abstract
The excavations of the multilayer site Algay in 2021 confirmed the stratigraphical strata of Neolithic and Eneolithic layers. The cultural layers with artifacts of the Orlovskaya culture are well stratified. The faunistic remains of the Neolithic period are numerous and have different localization. This is also evidence of several stages of occupation of this place by people during Neolithic. There are solely wild species of animals. The stone tools are characterized by homogeneity. The stone tools from the hoard were made with different raw sources but they are the same types. There are scratchers of several types, perforators, and geometric microliths (trapeziums with planed backs). According to their typologies these stone tools are the same as the tools from layers 2B and 2A of the Varfolomeevka site. The ceramics was made from fat clay rich of organics and tempered by crushed shells. The lipid analysis of charred food crusts in the pottery showed that they were used for the animal and plant cooking. The pottery decoration is typical for the vessels of the Orlovskaya culture with some differences in comparison to the pottery from the Vorfolomeevka site. Four points made of bones are also found. The stone tools of the Cis-Caspian culture were made of other type of quartzite unlike to the Neolithic ones. The technique of an enhanced push-up was applied for the stone tools in comparison to the Neolithic period. The radiocarbon dates confirmed the chronological framework of developed and later stages of the Orlovskaya culture from 6800 to 6100 BP.
На основе анализа электронных баз данных лесоустроительных материалов проанализированы основ- ные показатели хвойных насаждений «ключевого» (наиболее типичного) для Средне-Уральского таеж- ного лесного района Красновишерского лесничества. Установлено, что ельники представлены преиму- щественно насаждениями 7 класса возраста (48,38 %) при доле молодняков первого класса возраста 5,57 %. Указанное свидетельствует о накоплении перестойных еловых насаждений с пониженной устой- чивостью против неблагоприятных природных и антропогенных факторов. О значительном потенциале еловых лесов свидетельствует тот факт, что 53,49 % еловых насаждений относятся ко II и 33,83 % к III классам бонитета. При этом 66,23 % еловых насаждений лесничества произрастает на наиболее плодородных почвах – тип лесорастительных условий С3. В то же время среди ельников доля низкополнотных насаждений (0,3˗0,5) составляет 46,47 %. Послед- нее позволяет считать повышение относительной полноты древостоев одним из важных направлений повышения продуктивности еловых лесов. Искусственные еловые насаждения 60-летнего возраста в условиях ельника зеленомошно-ягоднико- вого позволяют получить 260 м3/га при среднем диаметре на высоте 1,3 м 13,5 см. В 33-летнем ельнике кисличном запас древостоя составляет 230 м3/га при среднем диаметре 15,1 см. Установленный для эксплуатационных еловых лесов возраст рубки в насаждениях III и выше классов бонитета 81–100 лет нельзя считать оправданным для искусственных еловых насаждений. Снижение возраста рубки до 61–80 лет позволит не только повысить продуктивности лесов, но и обеспечит еловы- ми балансами АО «Соликамскбумпром». Based on the analysis of forest management materials electronic database, the main indicators of Kracnovishersky forestry coniferous stands, the most typical for the middle Ural forest region, has been analyzed. It was found that spruce forests are represented mainly by plantations of the seventh age class (48,38 %), the share of young stands of the fi rst age class being 5,57 %. This indicates the accumulation of overmature spruce stands with reduced resistance against unfavorable natural and anthropogenic factors. The signifi cant potential of spruce forests is evidenced by the fact that 53,49 % of spruce stands belong to the second and 33,83 % to the third bonitet class. At the same time 66,23 % spruce stands of the forestry groups on the most fertile soils – type of the forest growing conditions C3. At the same time, among spruce forests the share of low density stands (0.3–0.5) is 46,47 %. The latter allows to consider an increase in the relative completeness of the stand as one of the important direction for increasing the productivity of spruce forests. Artifi cial spruce stands of 60 years of age in the conditions of greenish moss berry stande allows to obtain 260 m3/ha with an average diameter 15,1 sm. The age of felling established for commercial spruce forests in plantations of III and higher bonitet classes of 81–100 years cannot be considered justifie d for artific ial spruce plantations. Reducing the cutting age to 61–80 years will not only increase the productivity of forests, but also provide spruce balances for AO Solikamskbumprom.
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