ШКОЛА ПЕДИАТРА О жирение является одной из наиболее серьезных проблем современного здравоохранения, причем в последние десятилетия отмечается экспоненциальный рост его распространенности, приобретающий в большинстве стран характер неинфекционной пандемии [1, 2]. По разным данным, в 2010 г. избыточный вес, ожирение и связанные с ними осложнения привели к смерти 4 млн человек в мире, у 4% населения ежегодно снижается качество жизни, 4% становятся инвалидами [3]. По данным ВОЗ, в 2014 г. от избыточного веса страдали 39%, от ожирения-13% населения Земли, при этом избыточный вес / ожирение имели 43 млн детей до 5 лет, а к 2020 г. их число достигнет 60 млн [2]. Неуклонный рост распространенности ожирения в будущем приведет к снижению продолжительности жизни [4].
Clinical urine test with the correct interpretation can help the clinician in the diagnosis of the urinary system diseases, as well as other organs and systems. Most laboratories in medical institutions are currently switching to an automated urinary sediment test, but microscopy appears relevant. Unfortunately, clinicians often interpret only three or four (most often proteinuria, leukocyturia and erythrocyturia) of all the numerous indicators of urine test, unfairly ignoring the others. The urinary cylinders are one of these important elements of the urinary sediment. The article presents the characteristics of the main types of urinary cylinders, their origin, composition, morphology and clinical significance.
В статье представлены современные данные об онтогенезе кожи, о формировании всех ее элементов и структур во время внутриутробного развития и в постнатальный период. Подробно освещены современные представления об особенностях строения кожи у новорожденного и младенца. Особое внимание уделено как защитным механизмам кожи, обеспечиваю-щим механический барьер, так и факторам врожденного иммунитета, липидам, а также микробиому кожи. Большое внима-ние в представленной статье уделено значению сыровидной смазки для кожи плода и новорожденного, а также процессам адаптации кожи новорожденного к внеутробной среде. Представлены современные рекомендации по уходу за кожей, основанные на данных об особенностях развития, строения и функционирования кожи новорожденного и младенца.Ключевые слова : адаптация, дерма, дети, кожа, микробиота кожи, новорожденные, сыровидная смазка, уход, эпидермис, эмбриогенез.
The article presents modern data on the main molecular and genetic determinants of shaping the taste preferences. The authors present the structure and mechanism of the functioning of sweet taste receptors, umami taste, acidic and bitter tastes, as well as other molecules and cellular structures influencing the perception of flavors – the gust protein, toll-like receptors. They described the role of structures ensuring perception of taste outside the oral cavity – the cells of the hypothalamus. The article underlines the importance of the genetic polymorphism of these structures and the importance of interaction of genetic factors and environmental factors in shaping the taste preferences and eating behavior of the infant. Particular attention is given to the practical significance of the presented data in the context of introduction of supplemental foods for infants.
The preservation of the human urinary tract integrity in interaction with microorganisms depends on the balance of many components: the viability of nonspecific protective factors of the urinary tract mucosa, the virulence factors of microorganisms, the intensity of the innate immune response of the urinary tract tissue to the presence of microorganisms, the mutual impact of the microand macro-organism upon each other that is directed towards creation of a normal microbiome, and not inflammation. Most of these factors are genetically determined both by microorganisms and humans. The article presents modern data of Russian and foreign literature devoted to the description of factors supporting the homeostasis of the urinary tract in interacting with microorganisms. The authors emphasise a key role of these data in the practice of clinicians, including paediatricians and paediatric nephrologists, family doctors.
Today, the composition of the gut microbiota has been studied in sufficient detail. Increasing number of studies show that the respiratory tract, both the upper and lower respiratory tract, have their own microbiota. The article presents the main today’s data about the species diversity of microorganisms in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, describes the role of a healthy microbiota in providing local and general immunity. The authors specify the role of probiotic strains of microorganisms and their effect on various parts of the immune response and present the data of studies on the effect of probiotic products on the immunological resistance of humans, especially the respiratory tract with high viral load. Restoration of a healthy microbiota in the human tract using probiotic products administered through the gastrointestinal tract can reduce the risk and severity of manifestation of the respiratory infections.
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