The article highlights the research results on the assessment of natural moisture supply in Ukraine, the state of water resources and agricultural production in the face of modern climate change taking into account the forecast for the medium and long term prospects. It was established that the rate of air temperature growth for the period of 1975-2019 in Ukraine ranges from 0.61 to 0.82oC, while in neighboring post-Soviet countries (Russia, Moldova, Belarus) – this figure is 0.47 - 0.59oC, and in the northern hemisphere and Europe – it is 0.34 and 0.47oC respectively. These data show that the rate of air temperature rise in Ukraine is much higher compared to European countries and the whole world. The rapid rise in average annual temperature in Ukraine is not accompanied by a significant increase in precipitation. Its amount in Ukraine as well as in some other regions remains virtually unchanged. Due to the steady increase in temperature, the area of Ukraine with a significant deficit of natural moisture supply for the period of 1990-2015 increased by 7%, and with excessive and sufficient natural moisture supply, on the contrary, decreased by 10%. If the current warming rates are kept until 2050 and 2100, the territory of the country with insufficient humidity will increase up to 56 and 71%, respectively. As a result of such changes, there is a high probability of medium and long-term prospects of increasing arable land with insufficient natural moisture supply up to 20.6 million hectares (67%) and up to 24.9 million hectares (80%) with a simultaneous decrease in arable land with sufficient natural moisture supply up to 5.5 - 1.8 million hectares. At present, the potential total evaporation is 40-45 km3/year higher than in 1990. As a result, despite the decrease in water consumption, the total amount of water consumption taken from the territory of Ukraine is 20-25 km3 higher. Further climate change will lead to an increase in the volume of additional water consumption till 2050 by 80 km3, and till 2100 - by almost 150 km3 compared to 1990. Modern climate change has significantly affected the cropping systems and their productivity at regional level. The average yield of grain and legumes in the Forest-Steppe and Polissya compared to 1990 increased by 46-61%, and in the Steppe it decreased by 10%. A similar trend is observed with regard to the changes in the productivity of other major cereals, except corn, the yield of which increased in all areas, but in the Forest-Steppe and Polissya by 71-82%, and in the Steppe - only by 9%. The general increase in the production of grain and legumes in the country for the last years was only due to more humid regions - Polissya and Forest-Steppe. Climate change, which has already taken place, proved to be favorable for the spread of the most economically profitable crops in the north of the country, while limiting their production in the south. Thus, in the face of climate change, the conditions of moisture supply in the territory of Ukraine are the main limiting factor that limits not only the level of crop productivity, but also the use of natural and anthropogenic potential of agriculture.
The financial security state of the country directly depends on the amount of resources available in the financial system. Internal sources of financing of the economic and social needs may deprive the government of the necessity seek opportunities for obtaining external borrowings, which lead the country to the loss of financial autonomy. The financial inclusion of the population and business entities into the process of using financial products and services will stabilize the situation in the financial market by obtaining additional financial resources by its professional participants. At the same time, the lack of control of this process can lead to new threats for financial security at micro and macro levels. In view of this, the purpose of the study is to specify the opportunities and risks of financial inclusion for the financial security of financial intermediaries and the state as a whole. The object of the study was the level of financial inclusion, a set of factors that affect it, and a list of the consequences that its change may have for financial security. As the theoretical basis of the study, the reporting materials of financial market regulators were used, as well as information obtained from the application of such methods of scientific research as the analysis by which the level of financial inclusion in different sectors of the financial market was established, and the expert method implemented through surveys and questionnaires. Its use enabled to get a quantitative assessment of the level of financial inclusion of the population and economic entities. As a result of the study, the possible, positive consequences, risks and challenges of financial inclusion for the financial component of economic security are specified and systematized. The practical significance of the results of the survey is the possibility of developing on their basis the mechanisms for stimulating and controlling the level of financial inclusion by the financial market national regulators.
Relevance of research. In recent years, in Ukraine, the development of re-cultivated drained lands takes place, in particular, in the floodplains of the rivers. In the process of construction, drainage systems designed to protect agricultural land and adjoining areas against flooding are often disrupted. In addition, peat and silt deposits may be spread in the floodplain areas, which considerably complicate the construction. The transformation of agricultural drained lands of floodplains in the built-up areas is also associated with an increased risk of flooding, contamination of surface and groundwater, and requires compliance with environmental, water and land legislation. In this regard, an important issue is the study of water and environmental problems connected to the build-up of the land of reclamation systems in floodplains of rivers. The purpose of research - to identify possible water and ecological impacts and restrictions as to the development of drained lands within an floodplain of the Dnieper River. Objectives of the research - to analyze the available information on the geomorphological, hydrological and hydrogeological conditions of the floodplain territory; to evaluate the condition of the drainage system at the perspective site development; to determine possible changes in the water regime of the floodplain area in the zone of development impact; to evaluate the soil and ameliorate conditions of the territory with regard to its possible use for development and the compliance of the planned design solutions with the requirements of land and water legislation. Research methods. Generalization and systematic analysis of the information on the natural conditions of the territory and drainage system operation, carrying out of a reconnaissance survey of the drainage system specifying with the use of temporary well holes the peat deposit thickness, depths of groundwater, water level in reclamation canals and their current state, the implementation of field geodetic works, normative assessment of soil and ameliorative as well as engineering and geological conditions of the site as to its for development. Research results. The features of the current environmental and ameliorative situation regarding the possible obstacles to the housing complex construction and its further functioning, the likely or inevitable negative consequences of the floodplain development were determined. It was established that the existence of closed depressions in the microrelief against the background of the general low draining capacity of the floodplain territory, in case of extremely heavy rainfall, may cause the accumulation of surface runoff in the depressions and territory flooding. High groundwater level, deterioration of draining capacity, destruction of drainage drains during the construction will lead to the proliferation and intensification of man-made flooding processes in poorly-drained areas. One of the most complicating factors in the construction of the site is the wide spread of peat deposits, peat soils, silt, which, according to the general engineering and geological classification, are “weak” soils characterized by low bearing properties and can not be recommended as a basis for the foundations of ground structures and buildings. It has been determined that the existing “Shaparnya” drainage system is in unsatisfactory technical condition, and its parameters (rather low depth of drainage canal laying and a large distance between them) make it impossible to achieve the normative depths of groundwater for built-up areas. Conclusions. The area of weakly drained floodplain of the Dnieper River can be differentiated into weakly favorable and unfavorable parts for the construction of the territory, and the main complicating factors for the construction are the spread of peat deposits and peat soils, frequent underflooding of the territory and the risk of its flooding in a case of abnormal heavy high rainfall. The proper protection of the territory of residential development against underflooding and flooding should include the reconstruction of the drainage system, artificial increase of planning ground levels and ensuring the safe functioning of the existing at the site water body.
The purpose. Substantiation of necessity of achievement of comprehensible level of water safety of Ukraine as strategic purpose of national water policy. Methods. Analysis, synthesis, generalization. Results. Water safety consists in maintenance of equal right to drinking water and sanitary for each person. Ukraine is one of the least provided by own water resources countries in Europe by specific quantity of local flow. In shallow year it has for 1 inhabitant only 0,6 thousand m 3 , and in view of transit drainage -1,2 thousand m 3 . Water availability with local water resources on separate areas of the state differs almost in 60 times. Accessible to use stocks of surface waters are non-uniformly distributed on territory. More than half of water resources are concentrated in basin of river Danube where the water needs do not exceed 5%. Use of potential of irrigation and drainage systems is extremely unsatisfactory: from available 2,17 million hectares of irrigated lands only 500 thousand hectares are actually watered, and 2-side regulation is carried out only for 250 thousand hectares of 3,2 million hectares of available sewed lands. In sector of aquatic ecosystems overall regularity of process of deterioration of water of river drainages is registered. The problem of formation of appropriate state of water safety of Ukraine at legislative level is not settled and demands the further scientific substantiation and legal maintenance. Conclusions. State of water safety of Ukraine at national and sectoral levels is extremely unsatisfactory. Therefore achievement of due level of water safety of Ukraine is an overall objective of national water policy of Ukraine and should be fixed in «Water strategy of Ukraine». The main tool of achieving this purpose should become the integrated water resources management according to basin principle.
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