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We report on a 45,X male with hydrocephaly, lobar holoprosencephaly and ichthyosis. In situ hybridization and molecular analysis have demonstrated the presence of a mosaic SRY-bearing derivative X chromosome that included Yp and heterochromatic Yq fragments.

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Sequencing of exons and neighboring introns of the ABCA4, ELOVL4, PROM1, and CNGB3 genes with the new molecular genetic diagnostic system enabled confirmation of the diagnosis of SD in 84% of patients. High prevalence of p.L541P, p.A1038V, and p.G1961E mutations of the ABCA4 gene has been established.

GNE myopathy (GNEM) is a rare hereditary disease, but at the same time, it is the most common distal myopathy in several countries due to a founder effect of some pathogenic variants in the GNE gene. We collected the largest cohort of patients with GNEM from Russia and analyzed their mutational spectrum and clinical data. In our cohort, 10 novel variants were found, including 2 frameshift variants and 2 large deletions. One novel missense variant c.169_170delGCinsTT (p.(Ala57Phe)) was detected in 4 families in a homozygous state and in 3 unrelated patients in a compound heterozygous state. It was the second most frequent variant in our cohort. All families with this novel frequent variant were non-consanguineous and originated from the 3 neighboring areas in the European part of Russia. The clinical picture of the patients carrying this novel variant was typical, but the severity of clinical manifestation differed significantly. In our study, we reported two atypical cases expanding the phenotypic spectrum of GNEM. One female patient had severe quadriceps atrophy, hand joint contractures, keloid scars, and non-classical pattern on leg muscle magnetic resonance imaging, which was more similar to atypical collagenopathy rather than GNEM. Another patient initially had been observed with spinal muscular atrophy due to asymmetric atrophy of hand muscles and results of electromyography. The peculiar pattern of muscle involvement on magnetic resonance imaging consisted of pronounced changes in the posterior thigh muscle group with relatively spared muscles of the lower legs, apart from the soleus muscles. Different variants in the GNE gene were found in both atypical cases. Thus, our data expand the mutational and clinical spectrum of GNEM.

Clinical and genetic characteristics of 9 patients with Nonaka myopathy (GNE-myopathy) from Russia are presented. As a result of exom sequen cing, 11 different mutations were revealed in the GNE gene, 8 of which were described earlier, and 3-Сys203Ser, Met263CysfsTer and deletion of the whole gene-were detected for the first time. The peculiarities of clinical manifestation of Russian patients with GNEmyopathy are described.

A description of the clinical and genetic characteristics of the syndrome of congenital contractures of the limbs and face in combination with muscular hypotonia and psychomotor retardation of 2 patients from Russia is presented. As a result of full-exome DNA sequencing, 2 heterozygous missense mutations c 4355T C and c.3541C G were found in the NALCN gene, leading to amino acid substitutions at the functionally important center of the protein molecule. The effect of identified mutations in the NALCN gene on the function of its protein and approaches to the differential diagnosis of congenital contracture syndrome of the extremities and face in combination with muscular hypotonia and psychomotor retardation with monogenic variants of distal arthrogryposis with autosomal dominant type of inheritance are discussed.